Roselle: Production, Processing, Products and Biocomposites

Front Cover
Roselle
Roselle: Production, Processing, Products and Biocomposites
Copyright
List of Contributors
Contents
1 - Roselle: Production, Product Development, and Composites
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
3. ECOLOGY
4. HARVESTING AND POSTHARVEST HANDLING
5. MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY
6. PROPAGATION OF ROSELLE
7. BENEFITS OF ROSELLE IN THE MEDICAL FIELD
7.1 Traditional Medicines of Roselle
7.2 Nutritional Benefits of Roselle
7.3 Medical Uses of Roselle
7.4 Medicinal Properties of Roselle Determined by the Biochemical Values
8. THE VARIOUS MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
8.1 Antimicrobial Properties
8.2 Antioxidant Properties
8.3 Anticancer Properties
9. DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS
9.1 Lipid Metabolism Effect
9.2 Antihypertensive Effect
9.3 Other Applications of Roselle
9.4 The Domestic Animal's Food Used for Medicinal Effects
10. ROSELLE DRINK
10.1 Steps in the Preparation of Calyx Drink
11. ROSELLE FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES
11.1 Natural Fiber
11.2 Roselle Fiber Production
11.3 Roselle Nanocellulose
11.4 Various Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
12. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
2 - Vegetable Mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var sabdariffa): A Potential Industrial Crop for Southeast Asia
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Origin and Distribution
1.3 Vernacular Names of Roselle
1.4 Roselle Around the Globe: Malaysia and Bangladesh
2. BOTANY OF ROSELLE
2.1 Taxonomic Classification
2.2 Botanic Aspects
2.2.1 Stem
2.2.2 Root
2.2.3 Leaf
2.2.4 Flower
2.2.5 Fruit
2.2.6 Seed
2.3 Life Cycle of Roselle
2.4 Reproductive Biology
2.5 Physicochemical Characteristics and Food Value of Roselle
3. GENETICS AND BREEDING OF ROSELLE
3.1 Genetic Resources
3.2 Breeding of Roselle
3.3 Genetic Identification Based on Molecular Markers
4. CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY OF ROSELLE
4.1 Soil Requirements
4.2 Climatic Requirements
4.3 Propagation of Roselle
4.4 Land Preparation and Planting
4.5 Varieties of Roselle
4.6 Nutrient Management
4.7 Weeding and Irrigation
4.8 Pest and Disease Management
4.9 Harvesting
4.10 Yield
4.11 Handling After Harvest
5. UTILIZATION OF ROSELLE
5.1 Calyx
5.2 Leaf
5.3 Stem
5.4 Flower
5.5 Root
5.6 Seed
6. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF ROSELLE
6.1 Food
6.2 Apiculture
6.3 Fuel
6.4 Fiber
6.5 Poison
6.6 Ornamental
7. ECONOMICS AND MARKET OF ROSELLE
7.1 Production and International Trade
7.2 Importers
7.3 Supply
7.4 Prices
8. PROSPECTS OF ROSELLE AS AN INDUSTRIAL CROP FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
3 - Growing and Uses of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle): A Literature Survey
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GROWING THE ROSELLE PLANT
3. USES OF ROSELLE PLANT
3.1 Use of Roselle in Human and Animal Diets
3.2 Medical and Pharmacologic Applications
3.3 Roselle Extract Used for Coloring
3.4 Use of Roselle in Industrial Applications
4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
4 - Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.): Processing for Value Addition
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL USES
3. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ROSELLE CALYCES
4. DRYING OF ROSELLE CALYCES
4.1 Sun Drying
4.2 Solar Drying
4.3 Oven Drying
4.4 Spray Drying
4.4.1 Spray-drying process
4.4.2 Preparation of roselle extract
4.4.3 Roselle-carrier mixing
5. PROCESSING OF ROSELLE FOR VALUE ADDITION
5.1 Roselle Tea
5.2 Roselle Juice and Drink
5.3 Jam and Jelly
5.3.1 Roselle jam
5.3.2 Roselle mixed-fruit jam and jelly
5.4 Pickles
6. ROSELLE FIBER
7. PROCESSING PROSPECT OF ROSELLE
8. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
5 - Current Knowledge on Roselle Polyphenols: Content, Profile, and Bioaccessibility
1. POLYPHENOLS AS BIOACTIVE DIETARY COMPONENTS
2. ROSELLE AS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF POLYPHENOLS
2.1 Polyphenols in Roselle: Content and Profile
2.2 Strategies to Improve the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds From Roselle
2.3 Beneficial Effects of Roselle Polyphenol Extracts
2.4 Roselle By-Products as Another Polyphenol Source
3. THE SPECIFIC CASE OF NONEXTRACTABLE POLYPHENOLS IN ROSELLE
4. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOACCESSIBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF ROSELLE POLYPHENOLS
5. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
6 - Modifications and Physicomechanical Behaviors of Roselle Fiber-HDPE Biocomposites for Biomedical Uses
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Roselle Fiber Extraction
2.2 Modifications of Roselle Fiber
2.3 Physical and Tensile Properties of Roselle Fiber
2.4 Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Fiber and HDPE Composites
2.5 Microstructural Behaviors of Roselle Fiber and Its Composites
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Extraction and Yield of Roselle
3.2 Density
3.3 Aspect Ratio
3.4 Water Absorption of Fiber
3.5 Tensile Properties of Fiber
4. HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) MATRIX AND ITS COMPOSITES
4.1 Mechanical Properties of HDPE Composites
4.1.1 Tensile properties
4.1.2 Flexural properties
4.1.3 Hardness
4.1.4 Impact strength
4.2 Microstructural Analysis of HDPE Composites
4.3 Physical Properties of HDPE Composites
4.3.1 Density
4.3.2 Water absorption
5. CONCLUSION
List of. ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
7 - Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.): Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Significance
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS
3. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
3.1 Uses of Calyces
3.1.1 Roselle calyces as tea
3.1.2 Roselle calyces as ice cream, yogurts, and puddings
3.1.3 Roselle calyces as juice/beverage
3.1.4 Roselle calyces as jam and jelly
3.2 Uses of Roselle Seeds
3.3 Uses of Roselle Flowers
4. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE
4.1 Proximate and Mineral Composition
4.1.1 Calorie
4.1.2 Carbohydrates
4.1.3 Protein and fat
4.1.4 Vitamins
4.1.5 Minerals (Zn, Fe, Mg, Na, K, and Mn)
4.2 Amino Acids
4.3 Fatty Acid Composition
4.4 Total Anthocyanin Content
4.5 Total Polyphenol Content
4.6 Total Flavonoid Content
5. PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE
5.1 Antioxidant Activity
5.2 Antinutritional Factor
5.3 Antidiabetic Activity
5.4 Antihypertensive and Prehypertensive Effects
5.5 Anticancer Activities
5.6 Antiaging Activity
5.7 Immunoprotective Effects
5.8 Antinociceptive Activity
5.9 Antiinflammatory Activity
5.10 Antidiarrheal Effect
5.11 Immunomodulatory Effects
5.12 Other Pharmacologic Effects
6. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
8 - Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Sudan: Production and Uses
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ROSELLE CLASSIFICATION
3. ROSELLE COMMON NAMES
4. USES
4.1 Roselle Drink
4.2 Roselle Tea
5. MEDICINAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
6. ROSELLE DESCRIPTION
7. CLIMATE AND PLANTING
8. HARVEST AND STORAGE
9. PRODUCTION
10. PEST CONTROL AND WEEDS
REFERENCES
9 - Development and Characterization of Roselle Anthocyanins in Food Packaging
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF ROSELLE ANTHOCYANINS
2.1 Extraction Methods of Roselle Anthocyanins
2.1.1 Solvent extraction methods
2.1.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction methods
2.1.3 Microwave-assisted extraction methods
2.2 Qualitative Detection of Roselle Anthocyanin Components
2.3 Quantitative Detection of Roselle Anthocyanins
2.3.1 Quantitative detection of total anthocyanin content
2.3.2 Quantitative detection of roselle anthocyanin components
2.4 The pH Sensitivity of Roselle Anthocyanins
2.5 Antioxidant Properties of Roselle Anthocyanins
2.6 Antibacterial Activity of Roselle Anthocyanins
3. APPLICATIONS OF ROSELLE ANTHOCYANINS
3.1 Intelligent Films Based on pH Sensitivity for Freshness Monitoring
3.2 Edible Coatings Based on the Antioxidant Properties of Anthocyanins for Extending Food Shelf Life
3.3 Active Films Based on the Antibacterial Properties for Extending Food Shelf Life
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
10 - Aroma, Aroma-Active, and Phenolic Compounds of Roselle
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AROMA COMPOSITION OF ROSELLE AND ROSELLE PRODUCTS
3. KEY ODORANTS OF ROSELLE AND ROSELLE PRODUCTS
4. ROSELLE PHENOLICS
4.1 Roselle Anthocyanins
4.2 Roselle Flavonoids
4.3 Phenolic Acids in Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
4.4 Antioxidant Properties of Roselle
5. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
11 - Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With Roselle and Karanja Biod ...
1. INTRODUCTION
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Material
2.2 Roselle and Karanja Biodiesel Production
2.3 Properties of Diesel, Roselle Biodiesel, and Karanja Biodiesel
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
3.1 Experimental Setup
3.2 Error Analysis and Uncertainties
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Performance Characteristics
4.1.1 Brake thermal efficiency
4.1.2 Brake specific fuel consumption
4.1.3 Exhaust gas temperature
4.2 Emission Parameters
4.2.1 CO2 emission
4.2.2 NOx emission
4.2.3 Smoke emission
5. CONCLUSIONS
NOMENCLATURE
REFERENCES
12 - Application of Design for Sustainability to Develop Smartphone Holder Using Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polymer C ...
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Roselle
1.2 Fiber Production
1.3 Epoxy
1.4 Polymer Composites
2. ROSELLE COMPOSITE SMARTPHONE HOLDER PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT USING THE DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH
2.1 Product Background and Market Investigation
2.2 Product Design Specifications
2.3 Conceptual Design Development of Roselle Composite Hand Phone Holder
2.3.1 Generating conceptual design using the brainstorming method
2.3.2 Conceptual design using the Pugh concept selection method
2.4 Detailed Design of Roselle Composite Smartphone Holder
2.5 Roselle Composite Smartphone Holder Fabrication
2.5.1 Mold fabrication
2.5.2 Composite smartphone holder fabrication
3. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
13 - Development of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Biocomposite Mug Pad Using the Hybrid Design for Sustainabilit ...
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Roselle
1.2 Fiber Production
1.3 Unsaturated Polyester
2. APPLICATION OF DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN ROSELLE BIOCOMPOSITE MUG PAD PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
3. PRODUCT BACKGROUND AND MARKET INVESTIGATION
4. PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
5. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF ROSELLE BIOCOMPOSITE MUG PAD PRODUCT
6. IDEA GENERATION: BRAINSTORMING METHOD
7. SELECTION OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN USING THE PUGH METHOD
8. DETAILED DESIGN OF ROSELLE BIOCOMPOSITE MUG PAD
9. ROSELLE BIOCOMPOSITE MUG PAD FABRICATION
9.1 Mold Fabrication
9.2 Biocomposite Mug Pad Fabrication
10. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
14 - The Effect of Fiber Length on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Co ...
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE VERSATILITY OF ROSELLE FIBER
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 ANSYS Software
3.2 Analysis
3.2.1 Steady-state thermal
3.2.2 Define material
3.2.3 Define design
3.2.4 Define meshing
3.2.5 Apply temperature
3.2.6 Apply static structural
3.2.7 Applied force and support condition
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Meshing
4.2 Thermal Deformation
4.3 Total Deformation
4.4 Equivalent Stress (von-Mises)
4.5 Maximum Principal Stress
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
15 - The Influence of Fiber Size Toward Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polylactide ( ...
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Fibers
1.2 Natural Fibers
1.2.1 Roselle Fiber
1.3 Polymers
1.3.1 Roselle fiber-reinforced polymer
1.3.2 Biodegradable plastic of natural fibers
1.3.3 PLA
1.4 Finite Element Analysis by Using ANSYS
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 Engineering Determining Methods
2.1.1 Numerical method
2.2 Finite Element Analysis Process
2.2.1 Flowchart
2.2.2 Geometrical model
2.2.3 Material
2.2.3.1 Polylactic acid (Fig. 15.2)
2.2.3.1 Polylactic acid (Fig. 15.2)
2.2.3.1.1 Roselle Fiber (Fig. 15.3)
2.2.3.1.1 Roselle Fiber (Fig. 15.3)
2.2.4 Element type
2.2.5 Boundary condition and loading method
2.2.6 ANSYS workbench setup
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Tensile Strength Analysis
3.1.1 FEA result analysis
3.2 Thermal Analysis
3.2.1 FEA result analysis
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
16 - A Review of the Mechanical Properties of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Natural Resources
1.2 Natural Fibers
1.3 Synthetic Fibers
1.4 Polymer Composites
2. ROSELLE PLANTS
2.1 Roselle Plants and Application
3. ROSELLE FIBERS
4. NATURAL FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES
5. NATURAL FIBER HYBRID COMPOSITES
6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES
6.1 Fiber Percentage or Weight Fraction of Natural Fiber Composites
6.2 Stacking Sequence of Layers
6.3 Treatment of Fibers
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROSELLE FIBER COMPOSITES
7.1 Tensile Properties
7.2 Flexural Properties
7.3 Impact Properties
8. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
17 - A Review of the Physical and Thermal Properties of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Natural Resources and Fibers
1.2 Roselle Plant and Application
1.3 Roselle Fiber
1.4 Natural Resources and Synthetic Fibers Composites
1.5 Physical Properties
1.6 Thermal Properties
2. FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL AND THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF HYBRID COMPOSITES
2.1 Fiber Percentage or Weight Fraction
2.2 Treatment of Fibers
2.3 Effect of Environmental Conditions
3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROSELLE FIBER AND HYBRID COMPOSITES
3.1 Water Absorption Properties
3.2 Thickness Swelling Properties
4. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ROSELLE FIBER AND HYBRID COMPOSITES
5. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
18 - Development and Characterization of Roselle Nanocellulose and Its Potential in Reinforced Nanocomposites
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXTRACTION PROCESS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE AND NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE
3. ROSELLE
3.1 Roselle Fiber Production
3.2 Chemical Composition and Anatomy of Roselle Fiber
3.3 Mechanical Properties of Roselle Fiber
3.4 Morphologic Properties of Roselle Fiber
4. ROSELLE NANOCELLULOSE
4.1 Morphology
4.2 Particle Size
4.3 Thermal Stability
4.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
4.5 X-ray Powder Diffraction
5. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ROSELLE NANOCELLULOSE
6. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
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