Robbins Essential Pathology

Cover
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Robbins Essential Pathology
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Cell Injury and Cell Death
Overview of Cell Injury
Causes of Cell Injury
Reversible Cell Injury
Cell Death
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Causes of Apoptosis
Mechanisms of Apoptosis
Other Pathways of Cell Death
Mechanisms of Cell Injury and Death
Oxidative Stress
Hypoxia and Ischemia
Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
Toxin-Mediated Cell Injury
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
DNA Damage
Cellular Aging
Cellular Adaptations to Stress
Pathologic Accumulations in Cells
Chapter 2: Inflammation and Repair
Overview of Inflammation
Causes of Inflammation
Sequence of Events in Inflammation
Features of Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Cells of Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
Vascular Reactions
Cellular Reactions
Resolution of Acute Inflammation
Mediators of Inflammation
Clinicopathologic Features of Acute Inflammation
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Cellular Reactions of Chronic Inflammation
Clinicopathologic Features of Chronic Inflammation
Systemic Manifestations
Tissue Repair
Angiogenesis
Clinicopathologic Features of Tissue Repair
Chapter 3: Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock
Hyperemia, Congestion, and Edema
Edema
Hemostasis and Hemorrhage
Platelets
Coagulation Cascade
Coagulation Control
Thrombosis
Embolism
Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Systemic Thromboembolism
Nonthrombotic Emboli
Infarction
Shock
Septic Shock
Chapter 4: Diseases of the Immune System
Hypersensitivity Disorders
Immediate (Type I) Hypersensitivity
Antibody-Mediated (Type II) Hypersensitivity
Activation and Functions of Complement
Immune Complex–Mediated (Type III) Hypersensitivity
T Cell-Mediated (Type IV) Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune Diseases
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
Genetic Susceptibility
Environmental Factors
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Sjögren Syndrome
Rejection of Transplants
Immune Responses to Organ Allografts
Mechanisms of Rejection of Solid-Organ Allografts
Treatment of Graft Rejection
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary (Congenital) Immunodeficiencies
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Structure and Life Cycle
Amyloidosis
Chapter 5: Neoplasia
Definition of Neoplasia
Benign and Malignant Neoplasms
Nomenclature
Nomenclature of Benign Tumors
Nomenclature of Malignant Tumors
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms
Differentiation of Neoplasms
Local Invasion
Metastasis
Molecular Basis of Neoplasia
Cancer Genes and “Driver” Mutations
Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer
Carcinogenesis: A Multistep Process Directed by Darwinian Evolution
Origin of Carcinogenic Mutations
Role of Infectious Agents in Cancer
Significance of Passenger Mutations
Hallmarks of Cancer
Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals
Insensitivity to Growth-Inhibitory Signals
RB: Governor of Cellular Proliferation
TP53: Guardian of the Genome
Cell Lineage–Specific Tumor Suppressor Genes
Altered Cellular Metabolism
Evasion of Cell Death
Limitless Replicative Potential (Immortality)
Sustained Angiogenesis
Invasion and Metastasis
Invasion of the Extracellular Matrix
Vascular Dissemination and Homing of Tumor Cells
Metastasis
Evasion of Immune Surveillance
Tumor Antigens
Immune Mechanisms of Tumor Destruction
Immune Escape
Genomic Instability as an Enabler of Malignancy
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Diseases with Defects in DNA Repair by Homologous Recombination
Tumor-Promoting Inflammation as an Enabler of Malignancy
Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia
Clinical Effects of Tumors
Grading and Staging of Cancer
Cancer Diagnosis
Morphologic Methods
Protein Markers
Cytogenetic Markers
Nucleic Acid Markers
Chapter 6: Genetic Diseases
Mendelian Disorders: Diseases Caused by Single-Gene Defects
Transmission Patterns of Single-Gene Disorders
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
Disorders of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
X-Linked Disorders
Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Structural Proteins
Marfan Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Receptor Proteins or Channels
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Cystic Fibrosis
Diseases Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Enzyme Proteins
Phenylketonuria
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Niemann-Pick Disease Types A and B
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C
Gaucher Disease
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Glycogen Storage Diseases (Glycogenoses)
Complex Multigenic Disorders
Cytogenetic Disorders
Numerical Abnormalities
Structural Abnormalities
Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Autosomes
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
22q11 Deletion Syndrome
Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes
Klinefelter Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
Single-Gene Disorders with Atypical Patterns of Inheritance
Trinucleotide Repeat Mutation Diseases
Diseases Caused by Mutations in Mitochondrial Genes
Diseases Caused by Alterations of Imprinted Regions: Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes
Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
Genetic Test Modalities and Applications
Indications for Genetic Analysis
Chapter 7: Diseases of Blood Vessels
Mechanisms of Vascular Diseases
Congenital Vascular Anomalies
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms and Dissections
Aortic Aneurysms
Aortic Dissections
Vasculitis
Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
Takayasu Arteritis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Kawasaki Disease
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease)
Small-Vessel Vasculitides
Infectious Vasculitis
Disorders of Veins
Varicose Veins
Thrombophlebitis
Tumors of Blood Vessels and Lymphatics
Hemangiomas
Kaposi Sarcoma
Angiosarcomas
Chapter 8: Heart
Congenital Heart Disease
Malformations Associated with Left-to-Right Shunts
Atrial Septal Defects and Patent Foramen Ovale
Ventricular Septal Defects
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Malformations Associated with Right-to-Left Shunts
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great Vessels
Malformations Leading to Obstruction
Aortic Coarctation
Ischemic Heart Disease
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction
Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease
Arrhythmia
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Systemic (Left-Sided) Hypertensive Heart Disease
Right-Sided (Pulmonary) Hypertensive Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease
Degenerative Valve Disease
Calcific Aortic Degeneration
Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Rheumatic Valvular Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis
Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
Other Causes of Myocardial Disease
Congestive Heart Failure
Left-Sided Heart Failure
Right-Sided Heart Failure
Cardiac Tumors
Chapter 9: Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems
Red Blood Cell Disorders
Anemias
Hemolytic Anemias
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Thalassemias
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
Immunohemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
Mechanical Trauma to Red Cells
Malaria
Underproduction Anemias
Anemia of Chronic Inflammation
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Folate and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemias (Megaloblastic Anemias)
Aplastic Anemia
Anemia due to Marrow Infiltration
White Blood Cell Disorders
Nonneoplastic Disorders of White Cells
Leukopenia
Reactive Leukocytosis
Infectious Mononucleosis
Reactive Lymphadenitis
Neoplastic Proliferations of White Cells
Acute Leukemias
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Polycythemia Vera
Primary Myelofibrosis
Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas and Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Follicular Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
Other Neoplasms of Mature Lymphoid Cells
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Related Entities
Multiple Myeloma
Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Related Entities
Histiocytic Neoplasms
Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Coagulation Disorders
Von Willebrand Disease
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B–Factor IX Deficiency
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Disorders of Spleen and Thymus
Splenomegaly
Disorders of the Thymus
Thymic Follicular Hyperplasia
Thymoma
Chapter 10: Lung and Upper Respiratory Tract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Obstructive Lung Diseases
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Restrictive Lung Diseases
Fibrosing Diseases
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pneumoconioses
Silicosis
Asbestosis
Granulomatous Diseases
Sarcoidosis
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Pulmonary Diseases of Vascular Origin
Pulmonary Embolism, Hemorrhage, and Infarction
Pulmonary Hypertension
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Syndromes
Goodpasture Syndrome
Granulomatosis and Polyangiitis
Pulmonary Infections
Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonias
Nosocomial Bacterial Pneumonias
Aspiration Pneumonias
Lung Abscess
Tuberculosis
Community-Acquired Viral Pneumonias
Influenza
Fungal Infections
Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Blastomycosis
Opportunistic Infections
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Pneumocystis Infection
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Opportunistic Molds
Lung, Pleural, and Upper Airway Tumors
Lung Carcinoma
Carcinoid Tumors
Malignant Mesothelioma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Carcinoma of the Larynx
Chapter 11: Kidney
Overview of Renal Diseases
Diseases of Glomeruli
Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury
Minimal Change Disease
Membranous Nephropathy
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
C3 Glomerulopathies
Diabetic Nephropathy
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Lupus Nephritis
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
IgA Nephropathy
Hereditary Nephritis
Diseases of Tubules and Interstitium
Acute Pyelonephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Drug-Induced Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Acute Tubular Injury
Cystic Diseases
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Other Cystic Kidney Diseases
Diseases of Blood Vessels
Nephrosclerosis
Malignant Hypertension
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Renal Stones (Urolithiasis)
Hydronephrosis
Tumors of the Kidney
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Wilms Tumor
Chapter 12: Gastrointestinal System
Congenital Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Disorders of the Esophagus
Esophageal Obstruction
Esophageal Varices
Esophagitis
Reflux Esophagitis (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Barrett Esophagus
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Chemical and Infectious Esophagitis
Esophageal Lacerations
Esophageal Tumors
Disorders of the Stomach
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
Acute Gastritis
Stress-Related Gastritis
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
Autoimmune Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Tumors of the Stomach
Gastric Polyps and Adenomas
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Gastric Lymphoma
Neuroendocrine Tumors (Carcinoid Tumors)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Disorders of the Small and Large Intestines
Diarrheal Diseases
Malabsorptive and Osmotic Diarrhea
Infectious Diarrhea
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Other Inflammatory Diseases
Celiac Disease (Gluten Enteropathy)
Sigmoid Diverticulitis
Appendicitis
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Tumors and Related Conditions of the Intestines
Polyps
Adenomas
Adenocarcinoma
Obstructive and Vascular Diseases
Intestinal Obstruction
Vascular Diseases
Disorders of the Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
Inflammatory Disorders of the Oral Cavity
Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of the Oral Cavity
Diseases of the Salivary Glands
Chapter 13: Liver, Biliary System, and Pancreas
Disorders of the Liver
Clinical Consequences of Liver Disease
Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis D Virus
Hepatitis E Virus
Other Infections of the Liver
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Other Forms of Hepatitis
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Drug- and Toxin-Induced Hepatitis
Inherited Diseases of the Liver
Hemochromatosis
Wilson Disease
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Circulatory Disorders of the Liver
Nodules and Tumors of the Liver
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Hepatic Adenoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Disorders of the Biliary System
Cholangitis
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Congenital Disorders Causing Jaundice
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis
Tumors of the Biliary System
Cholangiocarcinoma
Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
Disorders of the Pancreas
Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Pseudocyst
Tumors of the Pancreas
Cystic Tumors
Adenocarcinoma
Chapter 14: Male Genital Tract, Prostate, and Bladder
Penis
Malformations and Inflammatory Lesions
Neoplasms
Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis
Cryptorchidism
Infections
Testicular Neoplasms
Prostate
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Carcinoma of the Prostate
Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Bladder Cancer
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Nongonococcal Urethritis and Cervicitis
Trichomoniasis
Genital Herpes Simplex
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
Chapter 15: Female Genital Tract and Breast
Vulva
Vulvitis
Tumors
Condyloma Acuminatum
Carcinoma of the Vulva
Vagina
Vaginitis
Cervix
Cervicitis
Neoplasia of the Cervix
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix
Uterus
Endometritis
Endometriosis
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Proliferative Lesions of the Endometrium and Myometrium
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial Carcinoma
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Fallopian Tubes
Ovaries
Tumors of the Ovary
Surface Epithelial Tumors
Other Ovarian Tumors
Diseases of Pregnancy
Placental Inflammations and Infections
Ectopic Pregnancy
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Hydatidiform Mole: Complete and Partial
Gestational Choriocarcinoma
Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
Breast
Inflammatory Processes
Stromal Neoplasms
Benign Epithelial Lesions
Carcinoma
Epidemiology
Chapter 16: Endocrine System
Overview of the Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Hyperpituitarism
Lactotroph Adenoma
Somatotroph Adenoma
Corticotroph Adenoma
Other Pituitary Adenomas
Hypopituitarism
Posterior Pituitary Syndromes
Craniopharyngioma
Thyroid
Clinical Syndromes of Thyroid Dysfunction
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis
Graves Disease
Other Forms of Inflammatory Thyroid Disease
Goiter
Tumors of the Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Adenoma
Thyroid Carcinoma
Parathyroid Glands
Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes
Overview of Diabetes
Insulin Physiology
Pathogenesis of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Other Forms of Diabetes
Clinicopathologic Features of Diabetes
Vascular Lesions
Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Neuropathy
Acute Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma
Adrenal Glands
Cushing Syndrome: Hypercortisolism
Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenogenital Syndromes
Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)
Acute Adrenal Insuficiency
Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Chapter 17: Disorders of the Nervous System
Congenital Malformations of the CNS
Cerebral Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus
Cerebrovascular Diseases
Cerebral Artery Thrombosis, Embolism, and Brain Infarction
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Other Vascular Diseases
CNS Trauma
Parenchymal Brain Injury
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Perinatal Brain Injury
CNS Infections
Prion Diseases
Demyelinating Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
Other Acquired Demyelinating Disorders
Leukodystrophies
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer Disease
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD)
Parkinson Disease
Huntington Disease
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
CNS Tumors
General Features and Pathogenesis of Astrocytoma
Classification of Astrocytomas
Other CNS Tumors
Inherited Syndromes Associated with CNS Tumors
Retinoblastoma
Disorders of Peripheral Nerves
Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral Nerve Tumors
Diseases of Neuromuscular Junctions
Chapter 18: Musculoskeletal System and Skin
Bones
Congenital Disorders
Dwarfism
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteopetrosis
Metabolic Diseases
Osteoporosis
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Hyperparathyroidism
Paget Disease of Bone
Fractures and Avascular Necrosis
Fractures
Avascular Necrosis of Bone
Osteomyelitis
Acute Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Tumors
Osteochondroma
Giant Cell Tumor
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma
Metastatic Tumors
Joints
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Other Forms of Arthritis
Gout
Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition Disease
Skeletal Muscle
Muscular Dystrophies
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Myositis
Tumors of Muscle and Soft Tissue
Skin
Acute Inflammatory Dermatoses
Acute Eczematous Dermatitis
Erythema Multiforme
Chronic Inflammatory Dermatoses
Psoriasis
Blistering (Bullous) Disorders
Pemphigus (Vulgaris and Foliaceus)
Bullous Pemphigoid
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Tumors
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
Chapter 19: Environmental Disease
Metals as Environmental Pollutants
Lead
Mercury
Tobacco
Alcohol
Injury by Therapeutic Drugs and Drugs of Abuse
Injury by Therapeutic Drugs: Adverse Drug Reactions
Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
Oral Contraceptives (OCs)
Injury by Drugs of Abuse
Opioids
Cocaine
Marijuana
Injury Produced by Ionizing Radiation
Acute and Chronic Effects of Radiation on Organ Systems
Nutritional Diseases
Malnutrition
Severe Acute Malnutrition
Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Obesity
Index
a
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z