The book covers the planning and design of highways and country roads. The quality requirements for the road are derived from the network planning. After an excursus into the fundamentals of driving dynamics, the design elements are described in the site plan, in the height plan and in cross-section. After a detailed presentation of the intersection solutions, the necessary equipment is compiled.
This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Planung von Autobahnen und Landstraßen by Richter Thomas published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2016. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.
Author(s): Thomas Richter
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 288
City: Wiesbaden
Preface
Contents
1: Introduction
1.1 Historical Review of Country Roads and Motorways
1.2 Development of Transport
1.3 Road Planning Objectives
2: Road Network Design
2.1 Functions of the Roads
2.2 Category Groups
2.3 Connection Function
2.4 Road Networks in Europe and Germany
3: Targets with Measurement and Description Variables
3.1 Target Field Traffic Quality
3.2 Target Field Road Safety
3.3 Target Field Environment
3.4 Target Field Costs
4: Usage Requirements
5: Planning Process
5.1 General Transport Planning and Consideration Process
5.2 Planning Process for Motorways and Rural Roads
6: Road Categories and Design Classes
6.1 Motorways
6.2 Country Roads
7: Design Characteristics of the Design Classes
7.1 Motorways
7.2 Country Roads
7.2.1 Country Roads of EKL 1
7.2.2 Country Roads of the EKL 2
7.2.3 Country Roads of the EKL 3
7.2.4 Country Roads of the EKL 4
7.2.5 Dual Two-lane Rural Roads
8: Vehicle Dynamics
8.1 State of the Art
8.2 Driver–Vehicle-Road Space: Control Loop
8.2.1 Driver
8.2.2 Vehicle
8.2.3 Driving Resistances
8.2.4 Tractive and Braking Forces
8.2.5 The Street
8.3 Coefficients of Friction
8.4 Driving Dynamics of the Individual Vehicle
8.4.1 Driving on a Straight, Horizontal Road
8.4.2 Driving on a Straight Line with a Gradient
8.4.3 Driving through Curves
8.5 Driving Dynamics Derivation of Design Variables in the RAS-L 95
8.5.1 Speeds
8.5.2 Minimum Radii
8.5.3 Required Sight Distance
9: Standard Cross-sections
9.1 State of the Art
9.1.1 Road Safety
9.1.2 Traffic Flow
9.1.3 Status of the Guidelines
9.2 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways
9.2.1 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways of the EKA 1
9.2.2 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways of the EKA 2
9.2.3 Standard Cross-sections for Motorways of the EKA 3
9.2.4 Definition of Standard Cross-sections for Motorways
9.2.4.1 Quality Criteria
9.2.4.2 Traffic Flow on Motorway Sections
9.2.5 Standard Cross-sections for Bridges
9.3 Standard Cross-sections for Rural Roads
9.3.1 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of EKL 1
9.3.2 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of EKL 2
9.3.3 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of EKL 3
9.3.4 Standard Cross-sections for Roads of the EKL 4
9.3.5 Standard Cross-section for Roads from EKL 1 to EKL 3 with Very High Traffic Demand
9.3.6 Design of Standard Cross-sections for Rural Roads
9.3.6.1 Quality Criteria
9.3.6.2 Influencing Factors
Cross-section
9.3.6.3 Length of Double and Single Lane Sections on Three-lane Roads
9.3.6.4 Line Management
9.3.6.5 Longitudinal Slope
9.3.6.6 Curvature and Overtaking Possibility
9.3.6.7 Control Conditions
9.3.6.8 Traffic Intensity and Composition
9.3.6.9 Environmental Conditions
9.3.6.10 Speed Flow Relation
9.3.6.11 Average Car Driving Speed
9.4 Cross-sectional Elements
10: Intersections
10.1 State of the Art
10.1.1 Road Safety
10.1.2 Traffic Flow
10.1.3 Status of the Guidelines
10.2 Intersections for Motorways
10.2.1 Basic Principles
10.2.1.1 Position of the Continuous Roadway
10.2.1.2 Cross-section of the Continuous Road
10.2.1.3 Alignment of the Continuous Roadway
10.2.1.4 The Distance Between Intersections
10.2.2 Four-way Motorway Intersections
10.2.3 Three-way Motorway Intersections
10.2.4 Access Intersections
10.2.5 Design Elements for Motorway Intersections
10.2.5.1 Ramps
Ramp Group I
Ramp Group II
Ramp Design Elements
10.2.5.2 Exits
Design of the Exit Areas
10.2.5.3 Interweaving
10.2.5.4 Entries
10.2.6 Dimensioning of Intersection Elements for Motorways
10.2.6.1 Entries
10.2.6.2 Weaving Sections
10.2.6.3 Exits
10.3 Intersection Types for Rural Roads
10.3.1 Types of Intersections
10.3.2 Requirements for the Intersection Design
10.3.2.1 Intersection Distances
10.3.2.2 Major Road
10.3.2.3 Alignment in Intersection Areas
10.3.2.4 Intersection Site Plan
10.3.2.5 Intersection Longitudinal Section
10.3.2.6 Road Drainage and Gradient Transitions
10.3.2.7 Carriageways
10.3.3 Intersections for Roads of EKL 1
10.3.3.1 Grade-Separated Intersections
10.3.3.2 Partly Grade-separated Intersections
10.3.4 Intersections for Roads of EKL 2
10.3.4.1 Partly at-grade Intersections
10.3.4.2 At-grade Intersections with Traffic Lights
10.3.5 Intersections for Roads of EKL 3
10.3.5.1 At-grade Intersections with Traffic Signals
10.3.5.2 Roundabouts
10.3.6 Intersections for Roads of the EKL 4
10.3.7 Design Elements for Grade-separated and Partly Grade-separated Intersections on Rural Roads
10.3.7.1 Continuous Lanes
10.3.7.2 Ramps
10.3.7.3 Entrances
10.3.8 Design Elements for At-grade Intersections and T-junctions on Rural Roads
10.3.8.1 Design Elements for Left-hand Turnings
10.3.8.2 Design Elements for Right-hand Turns
10.3.8.3 Design Elements for Crossing and Turning Vehicles
10.3.8.4 Lane Dividers: Directional Islands
Construction
10.3.8.5 Triangular Islands
Construction
10.3.8.6 Corner Rounding
Design Notes for the Right-hand Turn-off
Design Notes for a Right-hand Turn in
10.3.9 Design Elements for Roundabouts on Rural Roads
10.3.9.1 Circular Road
10.3.9.2 Circle Island
10.3.9.3 Circle Entries and Exits
Construction of a Directional Island at Roundabouts
10.3.9.4 Bypass
10.3.10 Central Islands and Crossing Points
10.3.11 Dimensioning of Intersections on Rural Roads
10.3.11.1 Relevant Traffic Volumes
10.3.11.2 Intersection Geometry
10.3.11.3 Right of Way, Traffic Streams and their Ranks
10.3.11.4 Factors of Influence
T-Junctions
Intersections
10.3.11.5 Critical and Subsequent Time Gaps
10.3.11.6 Turn-off Device for Right-hand Traffic
10.3.11.7 Quality Criteria and Levels of Quality of Traffic Flow
10.3.11.8 Calculation of Capacity
Basic Capacity
Capacity
T-Junction
Intersection
10.3.11.9 Capacity Reserve, Average Waiting Time, Permissible Traffic Volumes
10.3.11.10 Verification of Queueing Lengths
10.3.11.11 Assessment of the Quality of Traffic Flow
11: Integrated Consideration of Road Sections and Intersections
12: Design Elements in the Site Plan
12.1 State of the Art
12.2 Basic Principles
12.3 Layout Finding
12.4 Straight Lines
12.5 Circular Curves
12.6 Transition Curve
12.7 Site Plan Curves
13: Design Elements in the Elevation Plan
13.1 State of the Art
13.2 Longitudinal Inclinations
13.3 Crest and Sag Curves
14: Design Elements in Cross Section
14.1 State of the Art
14.2 Crossfall
14.2.1 Crossfall in the Straight Line
14.2.2 Crossfall in Circular Curves
14.3 Superelevation and Superelevation Development
14.4 Widening of Carriageway in Tight Curves
14.5 Road Widening
14.6 Special Features of the Alignment in the Area of Bridges and Tunnels
15: Sight Distance
15.1 State of the Art
15.2 Required Stop Sight Distance
15.3 Orientation Sight Distance
15.4 Required Overtaking Sight Distance
15.5 Existing Sight Distance
16: Spatial Alignment
16.1 State of the Art
16.2 Site Plan Elements
16.3 Height Plan Elements
16.4 Overlay of Site Plan and Elevation Plan
16.5 Standard Spatial Elements
16.6 Deficits in Spatial Alignment
16.6.1 Visual Shadows
16.6.2 Concealed Curve Start
16.6.3 Delongation and Compression
16.6.4 Design Deficits
17: Visualization of Roads
18: Roadside Furniture and Additional Facilities
18.1 Traffic Signs
18.1.1 Danger Sign
18.1.2 Regulation Sign
18.1.3 Guidance Signs
18.2 Signposting
18.3 Road Markings
18.4 Traffic Guidance Systems
18.4.1 Delineator (Sign 620)
18.4.2 Guiding Boards and Guide Marks
18.5 Vehicle Restraint Systems (Safety Barriers)
18.6 Immission Control Devices
18.6.1 Noise Protection Measures
18.6.1.1 Modal Shift
18.6.1.2 Planting
18.6.1.3 Soundproof Facilities
18.6.1.4 Encapsulation of the Road
18.6.1.5 Building
18.7 Other Roadside Furniture Elements
18.7.1 Wild Animals Protection Fences
18.7.2 Anti-Glare Fences
18.7.3 Lighting
18.7.4 Planting
18.7.5 Service Stations
19: Drainage
19.1 Safety Aspects in the Drainage of Traffic Areas
19.2 Drainage Measures
19.3 Road Construction in Water Catchment Areas
References
Index
