River Dynamics and Flood Hazards: Studies on Risk and Mitigation

Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Introduction to River Hazards and Their Management
Chapter 1: Natural River Hazards: Their Impacts and Mitigation Techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Natural Hazards
1.2.1 Floods
1.2.1.1 Uttarakhand Flood (2013)
1.2.1.2 Kashmir Flood (2014)
1.2.1.3 Chennai Flood (2015)
1.2.1.4 Kerala Flood (2018)
1.2.2 Flood Management and Control
1.2.2.1 National Level Organizations
1.2.2.2 Central Water Commission (CWC)
1.2.2.3 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
1.2.2.4 Other Organizations
1.3 River Bank Erosion
1.3.1 River Bank Erosion in India
1.3.1.1 North West Region
1.3.1.2 Central India and Deccan Region
1.3.1.3 Brahmaputra Region
1.3.1.4 Ganga (Ganges) Region
1.4 Mitigation
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Assessment of Sediment Hazard and Associated Measurement
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major Impacts of Sediment Hazard
2.2.1 Aquatic Life
2.2.2 Environment
2.2.3 Urban Areas
2.2.4 Hydraulic Structures and Machinery
2.3 Sediment Measurement Techniques
2.3.1 Measurement of Suspended Sediment
2.3.1.1 Conventional Method
2.3.1.1.1 Point Integration Sampling
2.3.1.1.2 Depth Integration Sampling
2.3.1.2 In Situ Measurement
2.3.1.2.1 Turbidity Based In Situ Technology
2.3.1.2.2 Acoustic-Based In Situ Technology
2.3.1.2.3 Laser Diffraction-Based In Situ Technology
2.3.1.2.4 Nuclear-Based In Situ Technology
2.3.2 Measurement of Bed Load
2.3.2.1 Direct Method
2.3.2.1.1 Basket Type Sampler
2.3.2.1.2 Pressure Difference Sampler
2.3.2.1.3 Pan Type Sampler
2.3.2.1.4 Slot Type Sampler
2.3.2.2 Indirect Method
2.3.2.2.1 Sedimentation Process
2.3.2.2.2 Dune Tracking
2.3.2.2.3 Tracer Method
2.3.3 Accuracy and Reliability in Sediment Measurement
2.4 Mitigation Strategies for Sediment Hazard
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Modeling Approach to Study the Riverine Flood Hazard of Lower Damodar River
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Rational of the Study
3.3 Limitations of the Study
3.4 Materials and Methods
3.5 Results and Discussion
3.5.1 Validation
3.6 Recommendations
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Field Measurement of Accumulated Surface Water and Infiltration Depth in a Flood-Prone Langol Catchment of Manipur ...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background of the Study
4.3 Limitation of the Study
4.4 Study Area
4.5 Data Used and Methodology
4.5.1 Data Used
4.5.1.1 PALSAR, ALOS
4.5.1.2 Sentinel 2
4.5.1.3 ArcGIS 10.3
4.5.1.4 Sigma Plot
4.5.2 Methodology
4.5.2.1 Methodology Flow Chart
4.5.2.2 Horton´s Equation
4.6 Results and Discussion
4.6.1 Accumulated Surface Water Depth
4.6.2 Volume of Accumulated Water
4.6.3 Infiltration Depth
4.6.4 Infiltration Rate
4.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
4.7.1 Conclusion
4.7.2 Recommendations
Appendix
References
Chapter 5: Soil Erosion Analysis with Respect to Land Use/Land Cover Change in Godavari Basin
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area
5.3 Materials and Methodology (Table 5.1)
5.3.1 USLE Model Description
5.3.1.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
5.3.1.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
5.3.1.3 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS)
5.3.1.4 Crop Cover Management Factor (C)
5.3.1.5 Supporting Conservation Practice Factor (P)
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 Landuse/Landcover Change
5.4.2 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
5.4.3 Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
5.4.4 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS)
5.4.5 Crop Cover Management Factor (C)
5.4.6 Supporting Conservation Practice Factor (P)
5.4.7 Soil Loss Estimation (A)
5.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Stability of Hydraulic Structures and Sediment Transport
Chapter 6: Stability of Hydraulic Structures Against Erosion and Scour Due to Water Jets
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sediment Characteristics
6.3 Local Scour Due to Water Jets Around Hydraulic Structures
6.4 Local Scour Due to Water Jets Around the Hydraulic Structures in Cohesionless Sediment
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Stabilization of Manmade Embankments at Indian Sundarbans Estuary Through Turbulence Control at Flow-Sediment Inter...
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area and the Field Survey
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.4 Experimental Setup
7.5 Characteristics of Embankment Soil and Preparation of Artificial Bank
7.6 Experimental Procedures
7.7 Results and Discussion
7.8 Statistical Moments
7.9 Scales of the Reynolds Shear Stress Fluctuations
7.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: A Review of Sedimentation on Different Types of Weirs
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Sediment Transportation
8.1.2 Contribution of the Study
8.2 Theoretical Background
8.2.1 Weirs: An Overview
8.2.2 Types of Weirs
8.2.2.1 Sharp-Crested Weirs
8.2.2.2 Broad-Crested Weirs
8.2.2.3 Narrow-Crested Weirs
8.3 Non-linear Weirs
8.3.1 Labyrinth Weirs
8.3.2 Piano Key Weirs
8.3.3 Submerged Weirs
8.3.4 Numerical Simulations
8.3.5 Side Weirs
8.3.6 Other Weirs
8.4 Research Gaps
8.4.1 Low Conveyance Carrying Capacity
8.4.2 Uncertain Discharge Leads
8.4.3 Lack of Knowledge on Flooding in the Lower Region
8.4.4 Lack of Forecasting System
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: A Review on Parametric Studies of Piano Key Weir
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experimental Setups
9.3 Effect of Flow over PKW
9.4 Effect of Sediment and Scouring Downstream of PKW
9.5 Effect of Energy Dissipation Downstream of PKW
9.6 Conclusion
Notations
References
Chapter 10: Influence of Boundary Condition on the Modified 2D Shallow Water Model near the Flow-Structure Interaction Zone: A...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hydrodynamic Model
10.2.1 Derivation of the Modified Governing Equation
10.2.2 Boundary Condition
10.3 Study Area
10.3.1 Braided Portion in the Brahmaputra River in Guwahati
10.3.2 Domain with a Series of Spurs Dykes near Majuli Island
10.4 Application of the Model
10.4.1 Model Simulation in the Braided Portion near Umananda Island, Guwahati
10.4.2 Model Simulation around Series of Spurs Dyke in Majuli Island
10.5 Result and Discussion
10.5.1 Case-1: Model Simulation in the Braided Reach
10.5.2 Case2: Model Simulation around Series of Spurs Dyke in Majuli Island
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: A Review on Estimation Methods of Scour Depth Around Bridge Pier
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Empirical Formulation for Scour Depth Estimation
11.3 AI-Based Techniques for Scour Depth Estimation
11.3.1 Application of ANN
11.3.2 Application of ANFIS
11.3.3 Application of GEP
11.3.4 Performance of the Empirical Formulas and AI-Based Techniques
11.4 Conclusion
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 12: Estimation of Shear Force Distribution in Two-Stage Open Channel Using SVM and ANFIS
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.2.1 Identification of Influencing Parameters for Apparent Shear Force Modelling
12.2.2 Model Development
12.2.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
12.2.4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
12.2.5 Statistical Indices
12.3 Development of Apparent Shear Force Model Using SVM
12.3.1 Performance of SVM Model for Percentage Shear Force
12.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
12.3.3 Discharge Calculation Using %Sfp Modelled from SVM
12.3.4 Development of Model Using ANFIS
12.3.5 Analyses of Selected Membership Function Type
12.4 Results and Discussions
12.4.1 Comparison Between SVM and ANFIS Model
12.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Sediment Transport Modeling through Machine Learning Methods: Review of Current Challenges and Strategies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Artificial Neural Network Modeling
13.3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Sediment Model
13.4 Other Machine Learning Methods
13.5 Hybrid Machine Learning Methods
13.6 Selecting the Best Input Parameters
13.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Impact of Anthropocene on the Fluvial Sediment Supply: The Mahanadi River Basin Perspective
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Rationale of the Study
14.3 Limitations of the Study
14.4 Materials and Methods
14.4.1 Study Area
14.4.2 Data Sources
14.4.3 Hysteresis Analysis of Suspended Sediment Rating Curve (SRC)
14.4.4 Linear and Nonlinear Trend Analysis
14.4.4.1 Modified Mann-Kendall Method
14.4.4.2 Sen´s Slope Estimator
14.4.4.3 Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)
14.4.5 Change Point Analysis (Pettitt Test)
14.4.6 Morphological Change Detection of the Seashore
14.5 Results and Discussions
14.5.1 Statistics of the Hydrological Data
14.5.2 Analysis of SSL Hysteresis for the Entire Study Period
14.5.3 Trend Analysis and Detection of Periodicity in Hydrological Variables
14.5.4 Change Point Analysis
14.5.5 Geomorphic Change Analysis of the Coastal Stretch
14.5.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Disturbances on the Sediment Delivery from the Catchment
14.5.6.1 Impact of Large Hydraulic Structures
14.5.6.2 Impact on Suspended Sediment Rating Parameters
14.5.6.3 Impact of Reservoir Storage Water Supply and Its Associated Utilization across Sectors
14.6 Recommendations
14.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Assessment of Sediment Hazards by Bed Level Variations Around the Bridge Pier
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Experimentation
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Areal and Volumes of Scour Hole
15.3.2 Temporal Variations in Bed Levels
15.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Equation Development for Equilibrium Bed Load
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Visual Inspection
16.3 Results and Discussions
16.4 Conclusions
References
Part III: Hydrological Hazards and Ecological Restoration
Chapter 17: Flood Mitigation with River Restoration Using Porcupine Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Porcupine Systems
17.3 Experimental Procedure
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Calculation of Trap Efficiency
17.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Flood Prioritization of Basins Based on Geomorphometric Properties Using Morphometric Analysis and Principal Compo...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Study Area
18.3 Methodology
18.3.1 Morphometric Analysis
18.3.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Linear Parameters
18.4.1.1 Stream Order (U)
18.4.1.2 Stream Number (Nu)
18.4.1.3 Stream Length (Lu)
18.4.1.4 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
18.4.1.5 Stream Length Ratio (Rl)
18.4.1.6 Stream Frequency (Fs)
18.4.1.7 Drainage Density (Dd)
18.4.1.8 Drainage Texture (Dt)
18.4.1.9 Length of the Overland Flow (Lo)
18.4.1.10 Drainage Intensity (Di)
18.4.1.11 Rho Coefficient (ρ)
18.4.1.12 Infiltration Number (If)
18.4.1.13 Constant of Channel Maintenance (Ccm)
18.4.2 Relief Parameters
18.4.2.1 Relief (Bh)
18.4.2.2 Relief Ratio (Rh)
18.4.2.3 Relative Relief (Rhp)
18.4.2.4 Ruggedness number (Rn)
18.4.3 Areal Parameters
18.4.3.1 Area of Watershed (A)
18.4.3.2 The Perimeter of a Watershed (P)
18.4.3.3 Watershed Length (Lb)
18.4.3.4 Circulatory Ratio (Rc)
18.4.3.5 Elongation Ratio (Re)
18.4.3.6 Form Factor (Ff)
18.4.3.7 Lemniscate´s Ratio (K)
18.4.3.8 Compactness Coefficient (Cc)
18.5 Sub-watershed Prioritization Based on Morphometric Analysis
18.6 Sub-watershed Prioritization Based on PCA
18.7 Common Sub-watersheds
18.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Flood Modelling of Krishna River at Sangli Using HEC-RAS
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Study Area
19.3 Methodology
19.4 Results and Discussion
19.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Development of Machine Learning Based Flood Prediction Model for Godavari River Basin
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Study Area
20.3 Data Used
20.4 Methodology
20.5 SVM Model Setup
20.6 Bias Correction
20.7 Ranking of GCMs
20.8 Multimodel Ensemble (MME) Mean
20.9 Flood Frequency Analysis
20.10 HEC-RAS 2D Modelling
20.11 HEC-RAS Model Setup
20.12 Results and Discussion
20.12.1 SVM Model Setup and Performance
20.13 Flood Hazard Map Generation
20.14 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Field Study on Soil Organic Matter Content in Inundation Areas of Langol Catchment by ``Loss-on-Ignition´´ Method
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Study Area
21.3 Rational of the Study
21.4 Limitations
21.5 Materials and Methods
21.5.1 Data Used
21.5.1.1 Delineation of Study Area
21.5.1.2 Land Use and Land Cover Classification
21.5.1.3 Accuracy Assessment of LULC Map
21.5.1.4 Soil Sampling
21.5.1.5 Determination of Bulk Density
21.5.1.6 Loss-on-Ignition Method
21.6 Results and Discussion
21.6.1 Land Use and Land Cover Classification Result
21.6.2 Accuracy Assessment Result
21.6.3 Soil Organic Matter Determination
21.7 Conclusions
21.8 Recommendations
References
Chapter 22: Agricultural Drought Assessment Using Satellite-Based Surface Soil Moisture Estimate
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Rationale of the Study
22.3 Limitations of the Study
22.4 Materials and Methods
22.4.1 Study Area
22.4.2 Data
22.4.2.1 Soil Moisture Data
22.4.2.2 Rainfall Data
22.4.3 Empirical Standardized Soil Moisture Index (ESSMI)
22.4.4 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
22.4.5 Rainfall Anomalies
22.5 Results and Discussion
22.5.1 Spatiotemporal Distribution of ESSMI, SPI and RFA
22.5.2 Drought Area Analysis
22.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: A Review on Hydrodynamics of Vegetated Streams
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Effect of Vegetation on the Ecology of the Channel
23.3 Research Interest and Gaps
23.4 Experimental Set-Ups
23.5 Effect of Vegetation on Flow Characteristics
23.6 Effect of Vegetation on Turbulent Characteristics
23.7 Effect of Vegetation on Erosion
23.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Analysis of Stormwater Drainage Network of the Central Zone in the Surat City by Using SWMM 5.1 Software
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Study Area and Data
24.2.1 Study Area
24.2.2 Data Used
24.3 Methodology
24.3.1 IDF Curve Construction
24.3.2 Gumbel Extreme Value Distribution
24.3.3 Establishing IDF Association
24.4 SWMM Description
24.5 Results and Discussions
24.5.1 Development of IDF Curves
24.5.2 Analysis of Storm Drainage System
24.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Review of State-of-the-Art Research on River Hydrological Hazards, Restoration, and Management
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Importance of River Biodiversity
25.2 River Hazards
25.2.1 Types of River Hazards
25.2.1.1 Primary Hazards
25.2.1.1.1 Strainers
25.2.1.1.2 Sieves
25.2.1.1.3 Holes
25.2.1.1.4 Undercuts
25.2.1.1.5 Flow
25.2.1.2 Secondary Hazards
25.2.1.2.1 Pollution
25.2.1.2.2 Bank Erosion
25.2.1.3 Tertiary Hazards
25.2.1.3.1 Flood
Fluvial Floods (River Floods)
Pluvial Floods
Coastal Flood
25.2.2 River Habitat Problems
25.2.2.1 Direct Degradation
25.2.2.2 Indirect Degradation
25.2.3 River Restoration Benefits
25.2.4 River Hazards Management
25.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Based on Hypsometric Analysis Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Sys...
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Study Area
26.3 Methodology
26.4 Results and Discussions
26.5 Estimation of Hypsometric Integral Values
26.6 Relevance of Hypsometric Integral on Watershed Hydrological Responses
26.7 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Climate Change and Global Warming Issues
Chapter 27: Climate Change Implication and Adaptation for River Systems
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Assessment of Changes and Trends in River System Under Climate Change
27.3 Develop Structural and Non-structural Measures for Disaster Mitigation Under Climate Change Scenarios
27.4 Discussion
27.4.1 Adaptive and Coping Capacities for Risk Prevention
27.4.2 Policy Development and Implementation at National, Regional and Global Levels
27.5 Climate Change and Adaptive Mitigation Strategies
27.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
Chapter 28: Non-parametric Approaches to Identify Rainfall Pattern in Semi-Arid Regions: Ranipet, Vellore, and Tirupathur Dist...
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Materials and Methods
28.2.1 Study Area
28.2.2 Data Collection
28.2.3 Rainfall Anomaly Index
28.2.4 Mann-Kendall Test
28.2.5 Autocorrelation Function
28.2.6 Modified Mann-Kendall Test
28.2.7 Sen´s Slope Estimator
28.3 Results and Discussion
28.3.1 Analysis of Wet and Dry Years Using Rainfall Anomaly Index
28.3.2 Pattern and Intensity of Rainfall Using Non-parametric Approaches
28.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Decadal-Based Analysis of Hydrological Components in the Kesinga Sub-Catchment in Mahanadi Basin: An Assessment of...
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Study Area
29.3 Datasets
29.4 Methodology
29.4.1 Development of the SWAT Model
29.4.2 Model Calibration and Validation Using SUFI-2 Algorithm
29.5 Results and Discussions
29.5.1 Comparison of Monthly Observed and Simulated Values of ET on a Decadal Basis
29.5.2 Variation in Annual Rainfall, Runoff, and Evapotranspiration (ET)
29.5.3 Variation in the Annual Runoff, Evapotranspiration, and Rainfall on a Decadal Basis
29.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: Prediction of Future Rainfall in the Upper Godavari Basin Using Statistical Downscaling Model
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Study Area and Data
30.2.1 Study Area
30.2.2 Data
30.2.2.1 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Data
30.2.2.2 GCM Data
30.3 Methodology
30.3.1 Statistical Downscaling Model Setup
30.3.2 Quality Control and Data Transformation
30.3.3 Selection of Predictor Variables
30.3.4 Model Calibration
30.3.5 Weather Generator
30.3.6 Validation of SDSM Results
30.3.7 Scenario Generation
30.3.8 Statistical Evaluation of the Model
30.4 Results and Discussion
30.4.1 Calibration and Validation of SDSM
30.4.2 Statistical Evaluation of Models
30.4.3 Change in Future Monthly Precipitation
30.4.3.1 RCP 2.6 Scenario
30.4.3.2 RCP 4.5 Scenario
30.4.3.3 RCP 8.5 Scenario
30.4.4 Change in Dry and Wet Spell Length
30.4.4.1 RCP 2.6 Scenario
30.4.4.2 RCP 4.5 Scenario
30.4.4.3 RCP 8.5 Scenario
30.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 31: Projecting Future Maximum Temperature Changes in River Ganges Basin Using Observations and Statistical Downscaling...
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Study Area and Data Description
31.3 Data Sets
31.4 Data Outputs
31.5 Methodology
31.6 Description of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM)
31.7 Data Quality Check and Screening of Predictors
31.8 Calibration of Predictand Data and Validation
31.9 Weather Generator
31.10 Climatic Scenarios Generation
31.11 Results and Discussion
31.12 Selection of Predictors
31.13 Calibration and Validation
31.14 Changes in Future Monthly Temperature (Tmax)
31.15 Changes in Future Annual Temperature (Tmax)
31.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 32: Trend Assessment of Rainfall Over Mumbai and Pune Cities
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Data and Methodology
32.3 Mann-Kendall´s Test
32.4 Sen´s Slope Estimator Test
32.5 Results and Discussion
32.5.1 Statistical Analysis
32.5.2 Rainfall Trend Analysis
32.5.3 Mann-Kendall Analysis
32.5.4 Sen´s Slope Estimator
32.5.5 Linear Regression Analysis (Figs. 32.12, 32.13, 32.14, 32.15, and 32.16)
32.5.6 Reliability Analysis
32.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Evaluation of Potential Lakes Susceptible to GLOF Using Multicriteria Assessment in Jhelum Sub-basin of Indus Basin
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Study Area
33.3 Materials and Methods
33.3.1 Data Sets used for Mapping and Inventory of Glacial Lakes
33.3.2 GLOF Susceptibility
33.3.3 Methods to Identify Potential Glacial Lakes
33.3.3.1 AHP Method
33.3.3.2 Equal Weight Method
33.3.3.3 Unequal Weight Method
33.3.3.4 Vulnerability Assessment
33.4 Results and Discussion
33.4.1 Lake Inventory of Jhelum
33.4.2 GLOF Susceptibility Assessment
33.5 Conclusions
References