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Risks, Identity and Conflict: Theoretical Perspectives and Case Studies

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This volume explores the complex interrelation between risk, identity and conflict

and focuses specifically on ethnicity, culture, religion and gender as modes of

identity that are often associated with conflict in the contemporary world. It

draws on theoretical perspectives as well as pays special attention to analysis of

diverse case studies from Africa, Middle East, Europe, East and Southeast Asia

and Latin America. Using various analytical tools and methodologies, it provides

unique narratives of local and regional social risk factors and security complexities.

The relationship between risk and security is multidimensional and perpetually

changing, and lends itself to multiple interpretations. This publication provides a

new ground for theoretical and policy debates to unlock innovative understanding

of risk through analyses of identity as a significant factor in conflict in the world

today. At the same time, it explores ways to address such conflicts in a more

people-centered, empowering and sustainable way.

Author(s): Steven Ratuva, Hamdy A. Hassan, Radomir Compel
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2021

Language: English
Pages: 412
City: Cham

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Risk, Identity and Conflict: A Critical Overview
Overview
Identity and Risk Nexus: A Critical Observation
COVID-19 Risk and Identity
Weaving Multiple Voices of Risk: The Chapters
Critical Issues and Concluding Remarks
References
Part I Ethno-religious Approaches to Risk and Security
2 Risk, Security, and the War on Terror
Introduction
Imperial Background and Practices
US Power Elite
The WoT = Political Victimage Ritual
Biopolitics of WoT/Ethnicity
Conclusions: Ethics of Truth
Bibliography
3 Ethnicity, Insecurity and Geostrategic Transformation in the Horn of Africa
Introduction
Ethiopia: Dialectics of Geography, Ethnicity and Politics
The Dialectic of Conflict and Integration in the HOA
Alliances and Balance of Power in the HOA.
Cooperation and Integration Initiatives in the HOA
Maritime Security Cooperation
Djibouti Code of Conduct in 2009 (Djibouti Code of Conduct 2009)
Jeddah Amendment to the Djibouti Code of Conduct 2017
Red Sea Forum
Challenges of Security and Stability in the HOA
Regional and International Rivalry
Conclusion
References
4 Formation of Diaspora Network and Reconstruction of Collective Memory: The Case of Indo-Fijians
Introduction
Diaspora
Ethnic Memory and Diaspora
Indo-Fijians and the Indo-Fijian Diaspora
Collective Memory Reconstructed
Two Images of the Past: Victimhood and Heroism
Recent Developments
Formation of Transnational Network and Reconstruction of Collective Memory
Conclusion
Bibliography
5 Ethnicity and Geopolitics of Rohingya Crisis
Introduction
Understanding the Problem
Citizenship Rights
Broader Geopolitics Canvass
Indian Blueprint
China’s Geopolitics
US Grand Strategy
Conclusion
References
6 Pious Predicaments and Pathways for Engagement: Ulama and Risks in Post-Conflict Milieu
Introduction
Bangsamoro as an Ummah
Risk Factors in Post-BOL Environment
Conflict Trap and Conflict Relapse
Sectarian Violence and Violent Extremism
Conclusion and Pathways for Engagement
Socio-Economic Assistance
Security
Politics and Governance
Conflict Transformation
References
Part II Institutional and Policy Approaches to Ethno-religious Risks
7 Ethnic Conflicts and Peacekeeping
Introduction
Ethnic Wars
Ethnic Conflicts and Peacekeeping
Conclusion
Bibliography
8 Ethnofederal Elections and National Identities: Cross-National Survey Research
Introduction
The Paradox of Federalism Revisited
Elections and Identity
Method and Data
Result of Analysis
Conclusion and Discussion
Appendix
Bibliography
9 A Quantitative Text Analysis on Mobilization of the Electorate by Islamist Parties During the 2018 Iraqi Parliamentary Election
Introduction
Political Process of Elections and Hypothesis
Political Process of Elections: Expansion of IS and Social Movement
Hypothesis
Research Design
Collection of Data
Construction of Dataset and Methodology
Analysis of Mobilization by Parties Using Descriptive Analysis
Mobilization Structure in Manifest and Its Vocabulary
Dictionary Analysis
Statistical Analysis of Mobilization Tone
Analysis of Mobilization Tone by Machine Learning
Statistical Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
10 Designing a Constitution: Bridging the Gap Between Political Ideals and Political Practices in Afghanistan
Introduction
A Survey of Political Ideals in Afghanistan
Interview Findings
A Bibliographical Report of Centripetal Tendencies in Afghanistan
Where Do Afghan Political Laws & Institutions Fit in?
Conclusion
References
11 COVID-19 and the Way to Authoritarian Rule in Ethiopia
Introduction
Democracy, Elections and COVID-19
The Ethiopian Society
Promises of Political Transition and Economic Reform
Democratization with a Taste of Dictatorship
Conclusion
Bibliography
Part III Gender-Based Approaches to Risk and Security
12 Women Peace and Security: Sexual Gender-Based Violence Survivor Support in Refugee Settlements in Uganda
Introduction
Literature Review
Gender-Based Violence: Definition and Terminology
National System and WPS
Refugee Response in Northern Uganda
Uganda Action Plan for UNSCR 1325, 1820 and Goma Declaration and GBV
International Legal Framework
National Policy and Legal Framework
Causes for WPS Diffusion
Peer Effects and Intergovernmental Membership
Impact of International Aid
Civil Society
Refugee Response System and WPS
Global Humanitarian GBV Response Mechanism
SGBV Survivor Support Mechanism in Uganda
Service Providers
Referral Systems
Refugees and SGBV Survivors Support
Awareness of Services in the Settlements
Knowledge of GBV Support and Access
Accessibility to the Support
Suggestions for the Improvement
Conclusion
References
13 Why GBV Survivors Cannot Seek Help: The Case of South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda
Introduction
Background: Conflict, Refugees, and GBV Among South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda
Ecological Framework
GBV and Help-Seeking Factors in the Societal and Community Space
GBV as a Reflection of History and Conflict
GBV Response System and Structure in Uganda
GBV and Help-Seeking Factors from the Perspectives of Refugees
Field Research
Results
GBV Recognition
Help-Seeking Pathways
Barriers to Help-Seeking
Analysis: GBV Ecological Framework in the Refugee Settlements in Uganda
GBV Act
Help-Seeking Act
Conclusion
Appendix
References
14 Negotiating the Gender-Based Violence Referral Pathway: Challenges and Opportunities in the Refugee Hosting Areas of Uganda
Introduction
The Context
Problem Statement
Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives
The GBV Prevention and Response
The GBV Referral Pathway
Family and Clan Structures Among Refugee Communities
Community Structures and the Role of Refugee Welfare Committees
The Health Sector Response to GBV Among Refugee Communities
The Criminal Justice System—Justice Law and Order Sector-Seeking Help from the Police
Role of the Police
Jurisdiction of Courts
Role of Non-governmental Organizations and Civil Society Organizations
Community Awareness Campaigns
Community Mobilization
Negotiating the GBV Referral Pathway
Conclusion
References
Part IV Conclusion
15 Risk, Identity and Conflict: Some Concluding Remarks
Some Emerging Themes
Some Further Risk and Identity Narratives
References
Index