Risks and Regulation of New Technologies

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part ISocio-Humane Sciences of New Technology
1 Risk and the Regulation of New Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Introduction of a New Technology
1.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Its Limits
1.4 Risk, Uncertainty and Radical Uncertainty
1.5 The Risk Triangle and Moral Hazard
1.6 Decision-Making Under Radical Uncertainty
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 Gradation of Causation and Responsibility: Focusing on “Omission”
2.1 Introduction
2.2 “Gradualism” of Causation
2.3 H&H’s Concept of “Normality” or “Default”
2.4 Problems of Prevention and Omission of Asbestos Hazards from Contrastive Lawsuits
2.5 Cause as Dispositional “Power” and the Problem of Omission
2.6 The Principle of “With Great (Causal) Power Comes Great Responsibility”
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Ockham’s Proportionality: A Model Selection Criterion for Levels of Explanation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Kinds of Proportionality
3.3 Model Selection Approach
3.4 Multiple Realizability and Reductionism
3.5 Objective, Epistemological, and Pragmatic Aspects of Reduction
3.6 Conclusion
References
Part IIReproductive Technology and Life
4 Enforcing Legislation on Reproductive Medicine with Uncertainty via a Broad Social Consensus
4.1 Regulating Medicine for Family-Building
4.2 Lessons Learnt from Contemporary Reproductive Medicine
4.2.1 Roles of Religion
4.2.2 People’s Views Towards Human Prenatal Lives
4.2.3 Uncertainty of Safety for Resultant Children
4.2.4 The Reproductive Autonomy of Parents and Welfare of Children
4.2.5 Genetic Unrelatedness in the Family System
4.3 Response to Upcoming Reproductive Medicine
4.3.1 Powerful Reproductive Techniques with Higher Uncertainty
4.3.2 Enacting Legislation
4.3.3 Reaching Broad Consensus While Applying Lessons
4.4 Concluding Remarks
References
5 Gene Editing Babies in China: From the Perspective of Responsible Research and Innovation
5.1 Overview of Gene Editing Babies Event in China
5.2 Stakeholder Analysis in Gene Editing Babies Event
5.2.1 Stakeholders Description
5.2.2 Stakeholders Analysis
5.3 China’s Gene Editing Babies Event and Responsible Research and Innovation
5.3.1 Responsible Research and Innovation(RRI)
5.3.2 The Four Dimensional Framework
5.3.3 Analysis on the Event with Four Dimensional Framework
5.3.4 Analysis on Process of Dealing with the Event in China with Four Dimensional Framework
5.4 Latest Development of the Event and Its Analysis
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Posthumously Conceived Children and Succession from the Perspective of Law
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Posthumous Children and Law
6.2.1 Old and New Question
6.2.2 What’s New: Cryobank (Sperm Bank) and Posthumous Conception
6.2.3 Theoretical Frameworks
6.3 Japanese Case
6.3.1 Facts of the Case
6.3.2 Passive Approach
6.3.3 Evaluation
6.4 American Case
6.4.1 Facts of the Case
6.4.2 Judicial Regulation Approach
6.4.3 Evaluation
6.5 Japanese Approach: Revisited
6.5.1 Separation of Powers
6.5.2 Comparison
6.6 English Case
6.6.1 The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990
6.6.2 Opening a Way
6.6.3 Facts of the Case
6.6.4 Passive Approach?
6.6.5 Fatherless Child and Legislative Amendment
6.6.6 Legislative Regulation Approach and Purpose-Sensitive Approach
6.6.7 Analysis
6.7 Conclusion, or Problem Restated
References
7 Aristotle and Bioethics
7.1 Introduction: Aristotelian and Aristotle
7.2 Reconsideration of Aristotelianism: Is (and How is) Aristotle Himself ‘Virtue Ethicist’?
7.3 Aristotle and Euthanasia
7.4 Interdisciplinarity of Bioethics and Aristotle
References
8 Reinterpreting Motherhood: Separating Being a “Mother” from Giving Birth
8.1 Reinterpreting Motherhood
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Ambiguity of Motherhood
8.1.3 Distinction of Motherhood: Rich
8.1.4 Separating “Being the Primary Parent” from “Giving Birth”
8.1.5 Critics and Limits of Ruddick’s “Mothering”
8.1.6 Transformation of the Self Through Mothering
8.2 Example from a Practical Context: Newborn Adoption Through Baby-Hatches or Anonymous/Confidential Childbirth
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 What Are Baby-Hatches?
8.2.3 From Anonymous Childbirth to Confidential Childbirth
8.2.4 Newborn Adoption
8.2.5 Reflection
References
Part IIIEnvironmental Technology
9 Domains of Climate Ethics Revisited
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Ethical Profile of Climate Change: A Perfect Moral Storm
9.3 Ethical Suppositions in Climate Economics
9.4 Stabilization Targets
9.5 Distribution Schemes for Remaining Emission Entitlements
9.6 Responsibility for Historical Emissions?
9.7 Adaptation Opportunities
9.8 Climate Engineering
9.9 Contraction and Convergence Versus Greenhouse Development Rights
9.10 Conclusion: Building Blocks of Climate Ethics
References
10 Electricity Market Reform in Japan: Fair Competition and Renewable Energy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Energy Reform in Japan
10.3 Competition and Challenges in the Electricity Market
10.3.1 Wholesale Market (Power Generation Market)
10.3.2 Retail Market
10.4 Novel System Design Aiming for 3E+S and Its Issues
10.4.1 Non-fossil Value Transaction Market
10.4.2 Baseload Market
10.4.3 Capacity Mechanism
10.5 Concluding Remarks
References
11 Renewable Energy Development in Japan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Challenges Ahead
11.2.1 Feed-in-Tariff
11.2.2 Curtailment of Renewable Power
11.3 Technological Development of Renewable Energy
11.3.1 Why Patent Quality Matters
11.3.2 Comparison Among Japan, the US, and Germany
11.4 Conclusions
References
12 Adverse Effects of Pesticides on Regional Biodiversity and Their Mechanisms
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Adverse Effects of Pesticides on Organisms
12.2.1 Collapse of the “Small Amount of Safety” Myth of Pesticide
12.2.2 Japanese Highly Intensive Agriculture System and Pesticides: History
12.2.3 Risk and Safety Assessment of Pesticides
12.3 Verification of New Systemic Pesticides (Neonicotinoid)
12.3.1 Target of New Systemic Pesticides (Neonicotinoid) and Their Mode of Action
12.3.2 Influence on Reproductive Ability of Birds andMammals (Fig. 12.2)
12.3.3 Neurobehavioral Adverse Effects on Mammals
12.3.4 Developmental Neurotoxicity Evaluation
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Reconsidering Precautionary Attitudes and Sin of Omission for Emerging Technologies: Geoengineering and Gene Drive
13.1 Introduction
13.2 From Precautionary Principle to Responsible Research and Innovation
13.3 Geoengineering
13.3.1 Two Basic Classes of Geoengineering
13.3.2 Principles and Policy Statement of Geoengineering
13.3.3 Difficulties of Conducting Geoengineering Experiments
13.3.4 Is Geoengineering a Unique Solution or No More than an Alternative?
13.4 Gene Drive
13.4.1 Prehistory and Emergence of Gene Drive Technology
13.4.2 Availabilities and Risks of Gene Drive
13.4.3 Regulatory Frameworks and Precautionary Attitudes Towards Gene Drive
13.4.4 Developing Technical Solutions for Safeguards
13.5 Two Emerging Technologies and a Sin of Omission
13.6 Conclusions
References
Part IVScience and Society
14 Exploring the Contexts of ELSI and RRI in Japan: Case Studies in Dual-Use, Regenerative Medicine, and Nanotechnology
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dual-Use Issues in Japan
14.2.1 Japan, the Ambiguous, and Dual-Use
14.2.2 WWII to the Cold War: Formation of the Japanese Context
14.2.3 Cold War II and Military-Industry Cooperation in Japan
14.2.4 Post-Cold War/ Post-9/11: Remilitarization of Dual-Use
14.2.5 Current Situation of Dual-Use Issues in Japan: Focusing on Discussion in the Diet and the Media
14.3 Anticipation of RRI: A Case of Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine
14.4 Media Reports on Nanotechnology Risks in Japan
14.5 Discussions and Conclusion
References
15 Global Climate Change and Uncertainty: An Examination from the History of Science
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Uncertainty, as a Criticism of Risk Theory
15.3 Uncertainty in PNS (Post-Normal Science)
15.4 Time Factor: A Perspective from the History of Science
15.5 What Kind of Historical Features Does the Warming Paradigm Have?
15.5.1 Techno-Natural-History: Galilean and Humboldtian Sciences
15.5.2 Global Warming Paradigm: Diversified Time Resolution and Future-Orientedness
15.6 Concluding Remarks
References