This book introduces fundamentals, measurements, and applications of rheology of fresh cement-based materials. The rheology of a fresh cement-based material is one of its most important aspects, characterizing its flow and deformation, and governing the mixing, placement, and casting quality of a concrete.
This is the first book to bring the field together on an increasingly important topic, as new types of cement-based materials and new concrete technologies are developed. It describes measurement equipment, procedures, and data interpretation of the rheology of cement paste and concrete, as well as applications such as self-compacting concrete, pumping, and 3D printing. A range of other cement-based materials such as fiber-reinforced concrete, cemented paste backfills, and alkali-activated cement are also examined.
Rheology of Fresh Cement-Based Materials serves as a reference book for researchers and engineers, and a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.
Author(s): Qiang Yuan, Caijun Shi, Dengwu Jiao
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 338
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
1 Introduction to rheology
1.1 The Subject and Object of Rheology
1.2 Basic Principles of Rheology
1.2.1 Definition of viscosity
1.2.2 Newtonian flow
1.2.3 Non-Newtonian flow
1.2.4 Thixotropy
1.2.5 Anti-thixotropy (rheopexy)
1.3 Cement-Based Materials
1.3.1 History of cement and concrete
1.3.2 Fresh properties of cement-based materials
1.4 The Scope of This Book
References
2 Rheology for cement paste
2.1 Interaction between Particles in the Paste
2.1.1 Colloidal interaction
2.1.1.1 Van der Waals force
2.1.1.2 Electrostatic repulsion
2.1.1.3 Steric hinder force
2.1.2 Brownian forces
2.1.3 Hydrodynamic force
2.2 Effect of Compositions on Rheology
2.2.1 Volume fraction
2.2.2 Interstitial solution
2.2.3 Cement
2.2.4 Mineral admixture
2.2.4.1 Fly ash
2.2.4.2 Ground blast furnace slag
2.2.4.3 Silica fume
2.2.4.4 Limestone powder
2.2.4.5 Ternary binder system
2.2.5 Chemical admixtures
2.2.5.1 Superplasticizer
2.2.5.2 Viscosity-modifying agent
2.2.5.3 Air-entraining agent
2.3 Effect of Temperature on Rheology
2.4 Effect of Shearing on Rheology
2.5 Effect of Pressure on Rheology
2.6 Summary
References
3 Rheological properties of fresh concrete materials
3.1 General Considerations for Granular Materials
3.2 Flow Regimes of Concrete
3.2.1 Relationships between aggregate volume fraction and concrete rheology
3.2.1.1 Viscosity vs aggregate volume fraction
3.2.1.2 Yield stress vs aggregate volume fraction
3.2.2 Excess paste theory
3.3 Influence of Aggregate Characteristics
3.3.1 Aggregate volume fraction
3.3.2 Gradation and particle size
3.3.3 Particle morphology
3.4 Effect of External Factors
3.4.1 Mixing process
3.4.2 Shear history
3.4.3 Measuring geometry
3.5 Summary
References
4 Empirical techniques evaluating concrete rheology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Slump: ASTM Abrams Cone
4.2.1 Geometry
4.2.2 Testing procedure and parameters
4.2.3 Data interpretation
4.3 Slump Flow and T50
4.3.1 Geometry and testing procedure
4.3.2 Data interpretation
4.4 V-Funnel Test Flow Time
4.4.1 Geometry
4.4.2 Testing procedure
4.4.3 Data interpretation
4.5 Other Methods
4.5.1 L-box
4.5.2 LCPC box
4.5.3 V-funnel coupled with a horizontal channel
4.5.4 J-ring
4.6 Summary
References
5 Paste rheometers
5.1 Introduction to the Rheology of Cement Paste
5.2 Rheometers for Cement Paste
5.2.1 Narrow gap coaxial cylinder rheometer
5.2.1.1 Geometry
5.2.1.2 Measurement principle
5.2.1.3 Measuring errors and artifacts
5.2.2 Plate – plate rheometer
5.2.2.1 Geometry
5.2.2.2 Measurement principle
5.2.2.3 Measuring errors and artifacts
5.2.3 Other rheometers
5.2.3.1 Capillary viscometer
5.2.3.2 Falling sphere viscometer
5.3 Measuring Procedures
5.3.1 Flow curves test
5.3.2 Static yield stress test
5.3.3 Oscillatory shear test
5.3.3.1 Description of SAOS and LAOS
5.3.3.2 Measurement principle
5.3.3.3 Application to cement paste
5.4 Summary
References
6 Concrete rheometers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Tests Methods and Principles
6.2.1 Coaxial cylinder rheometer
6.2.1.1 Searle rheometer
6.2.1.2 Couette rheometer
6.2.1.3 Principle
6.2.1.4 Measuring errors and artifacts
6.2.2 Parallel-plate rheometer
6.2.2.1 Geometry
6.2.2.2 Principle
6.2.2.3 Measuring errors and artifacts
6.2.3 Other rheometers
6.2.3.1 CEMAGREF-IMG rheometer
6.2.3.2 Viskomat XL
6.2.3.3 The IBB rheometer
6.2.3.4 Rheometer developed in China
6.2.3.5 The modifications of the BTRHEOM rheometer
6.2.3.6 Other instruments
6.3 Measuring Procedures
6.3.1 Preparation of specimen
6.3.2 The testing procedures of ICAR
6.3.3 The testing procedures of ConTec Viscometer 5
6.3.4 The testing procedures of the BTRHEOM rheometer
6.4 Data Collection and Processing
6.4.1 Static yield stress test
6.4.2 The flow curve test
6.4.3 Thixotropy test
6.5 Relation of Rheological Parameters Measured by Different Rheometers
6.6 Summary
References
7 Mixture design of concrete based on rheology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principles of Mixture Design Methods Based on Rheology
7.2.1 Vectorized-rheograph approach
7.2.2 Paste rheology criteria
7.2.3 Concrete rheology method
7.2.4 Excess paste theory
7.2.5 Simplex centroid design method
7.3 Typical Examples of Mixture Design
7.3.1 Paste rheology criteria proposed by Wu and An
7.3.2 Paste rheology model proposed by Ferrara et al.
7.3.3 Concrete rheology method of Abo Dhaheer et al.
7.3.4 Simplex centroid design method proposed by Jiao et al.
7.4 Summary
References
8 Rheology and self-compacting concrete
8.1 Introduction to SCC
8.1.1 Brief history of SCC
8.1.2 Raw materials of SCC
8.1.2.1 Powder
8.1.2.2 Chemical admixtures
8.1.2.3 Aggregates
8.1.2.4 Water
8.1.3 Mix proportion of SCC
8.1.3.1 Laboratory experiments and empirical parameters
8.1.3.2 Statistical method
8.1.3.3 Maximum packing density
8.1.3.4 Other methods
8.1.4 Application of SCC
8.2 Rheology of SCC
8.2.1 Factors affecting rheology of SCC
8.2.1.1 Fly ash
8.2.1.2 Rice husk ash
8.2.1.3 Silica fume
8.2.1.4 Metakaolin
8.2.1.5 Blast furnace slag
8.2.1.6 Fibers
8.2.1.7 Air-entraining agent
8.2.1.8 Superplasticizer
8.2.1.9 Recycled concrete aggregates
8.2.1.10 Binary and ternary binder system
8.2.1.11 Other constituents
8.2.2 Special rheological behaviors
8.2.2.1 Thixotropy
8.2.2.2 Shear-thinning or shear-thickening behavior
8.3 Formwork Pressure of SCC
8.3.1 Factors affecting formwork pressure
8.3.2 Formwork pressure prediction
8.3.2.1 Method proposed by Gardner (Gardner et al., 2012)
8.3.2.2 Method proposed by Khayat (Khayat and Omran, 2010)
8.4 Stability of SCC
8.4.1 Static stability
8.4.2 Dynamic stability
8.5 Summary
References
9 Rheology of other cement-based materials
9.1 Rheology of Alkali-Activated Materials (AAMs)
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Effect of alkaline activators on rheology of AAMs
9.1.2.1 Na/KOH
9.1.2.2 Na/K-silicates
9.1.3 Effect of precursors on the rheology of AAMs
9.1.3.1 Chemical and physical properties of precursors
9.1.4 Effects of chemical admixtures on the rheology of AAMs
9.1.4.1 Water-reducing admixtures
9.1.4.2 Other chemical admixtures
9.1.5 Effects of mineral additions on the rheology of AAMs
9.1.5.1 Reactive mineral additions
9.1.5.2 Inert mineral additions
9.1.6 Effect of aggregates on the rheology of AAMs
9.2 Rheology of Cement Paste Backfilling (CPB)
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 Factors affecting the rheological properties of CPB
9.2.2.1 Cement
9.2.2.2 Solid concentration
9.2.2.3 Mixing intensity
9.2.2.4 Particle size
9.2.2.5 High-range water reducer (HRWR)
9.2.2.6 Temperature
9.2.2.7 Other constituents
9.3 Rheology of Fiber-Reinforced, Cement-Based Materials
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Influence of fiber on the rheology of FRCs
9.3.2.1 Fiber orientation
9.3.2.2 Fiber length
9.3.2.3 Types of fiber
9.3.3 Effect of fibers on the rheology of AAMs
9.3.4 Prediction of the yield stress of FRC
9.3.5 Prediction of plastic viscosity
9.4 Summary
9.4.1 AAMs
9.4.2 Cement paste backfilling
9.4.3 Fiber-reinforced, cement-based materials
References
10 Rheology and Pumping
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Characterization of Pumpability
10.2.1 Definition of pumpability
10.2.2 Determination of pumpability
10.3 Lubrication Layer
10.3.1 The formation of the lubrication layer
10.3.2 The determination of the lubrication layer
10.3.2.1 Tribometer
10.3.2.2 Sliding pipe
10.3.2.3 Other methods
10.4 Prediction of Pumping
10.4.1 Empirical model for pumping prediction
10.4.2 Numerical model for pumping prediction
10.4.3 Computer simulations for pressure loss predictions
10.5 Effect of Pumping on the Fresh Properties of Concrete
10.5.1 Air content
10.5.2 Rheology
10.5.2.1 Yield stress and plastic viscosity
10.5.2.2 Thixotropy
10.5.2.3 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs)
10.5.2.4 Water absorption by aggregates
10.5.2.5 Water-reducing agent
10.6 Summary
References
11 Rheology and 3D printing
11.1 Introduction to 3D-Printing Concrete
11.1.1 Development of 3D printing technology
11.1.2 Requirement for 3D printing concrete
11.2 Printability of 3D Printing Concrete
11.2.1 The definition of printability
11.2.2 The test for printability
11.2.3 Criteria to evaluate the loading bearing capacity
11.2.4 Printable cement-based materials
11.3 Interlayer Bonding and Rheology
11.3.1 The characterization of interlayer bonding
11.3.2 The effect of rheological properties on interlayer bonding
11.3.3 The effect of rheological properties on interface durability
11.3.4 The effect of rheological properties on interface microstructure
11.4 Summary
References
Index
