I am the CTO of an organization specializing in electromagnetism, EMI / EMC, filter design, and power electronics. I purchased this book to ramp up one of our design teams on a large, recently initiated RF design project. This book provides an excellent introduction to the both the theoretical and practical aspects of radio-frequency design and testing. All of the subjects are presented clearly and concisely. I have recommended the book to our top-engineers and plan to buy multiple copies. I own 60-100 reference texts covering a wide array of electrical and mechanical engineering subjects, including several on radio frequency design: this is one of the best reference texts, on any subject, that I have read.
Author(s): Allen W. Scott, Rex Frobenius
Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 526
RF MEASUREMENTS FOR CELLULAR PHONES AND WIRELESS DATA SYSTEMS......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
FOREWORD......Page 20
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 22
1.1 The Market for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Transmission Equipment......Page 24
1.2 Organization of the Book......Page 26
1.6 Summary of Chapter 4: Digital Modulation......Page 27
1.8 Summary of Chapter 5: RF Signal Generators......Page 32
1.10 Summary of Chapter 7: Frequency Counters......Page 33
1.12 Summary of Chapter 9: Spectrum Analyzers......Page 37
1.14 Summary of Chapter 11: Noise Figure Meters......Page 40
1.16 Summary of Chapter 13: Measurement Uncertainties......Page 42
1.18 Part III: Measurement of Individual RF Components......Page 44
1.21 Summary of Chapter 17: PLOs......Page 45
1.23 Summary of Chapter 19: Power Amplifiers......Page 47
1.24 Summary of Chapter 20: Antennas......Page 52
1.25 Summary of Chapter 21: RF Receiver Requirements......Page 54
1.26 Summary of Chapter 22: RF Filters......Page 56
1.27 Summary of Chapter 23: LNAs......Page 58
1.28 Summary of Chapter 24: Mixers......Page 59
1.30 Summary of Chapter 26: Intermodulation Product Measurement......Page 61
1.32 Summary of Chapter 28: RFICs and SOC......Page 62
1.33 Part IV: Testing of Devices and Systems with Digitally Modulated RF Signals......Page 64
1.34 Summary of Chapter 29: Digital Communications Signals......Page 65
1.35 Summary of Chapter 30: FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Multiple Access Techniques......Page 67
1.36 Summary of Chapter 31: OFDM and OFDMA......Page 69
1.38 Summary of Chapter 33: Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams, and EVM......Page 71
1.39 Summary of Chapter 34: CCDF......Page 74
1.40 Summary of Chapter 35: BER......Page 76
1.41 Summary of Chapter 36: Measurement of GSM Evolution Components......Page 77
1.42 Annotated Bibliography......Page 78
PART I RF AND WIRELESS PRINCIPLES......Page 80
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RF SIGNALS......Page 82
2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields......Page 83
2.2 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 85
2.3 Properties of RF Waves......Page 86
Wavelength......Page 87
Power Density......Page 90
Phase......Page 91
2.4 RF Power Expressed in dB and dBm......Page 92
dB Terminology......Page 93
dBm Terminology......Page 95
2.5 Using dB and dBm to Determine an RF Link Budget......Page 96
2.7 Annotated Bibliography......Page 101
3.1 The Mismatch Problem......Page 102
3.2 Ways of Specifying Mismatches......Page 103
3.3 Conversion Between Different Ways of Expressing Mismatch......Page 105
3.4 S-Parameters......Page 108
3.5 Matching with the Smith Chart......Page 110
3.6 Derivation of the Smith Chart......Page 112
3.7 Plotting Mismatches on the Smith Chart......Page 117
3.8 Matching Calculations with the Smith Chart......Page 122
3.9 Using Parallel Matching Elements......Page 126
3.10 Lumped Elements in Combination......Page 128
3.11 Smith Chart Software......Page 129
3.12 Annotated Bibliography......Page 134
4.1 Modulation Principles......Page 136
4.2 Multilevel Modulation......Page 138
DPSK......Page 141
3/8π 8PSK Modulation for EDGE......Page 142
4.4 Digital Frequency Modulation......Page 143
4.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 145
PART II RF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT......Page 146
5.1 What an RF Signal Generator Does......Page 148
5.4 RF Signal Generator Controls......Page 150
5.5 Modulation Architectures......Page 152
5.7 Annotated Bibliography......Page 153
6.1 RF Power Meter Basics......Page 154
6.2 Power Meter Sensors......Page 156
6.3 A Schottky Diode for Power Measurements in Cellular Phone Systems......Page 157
6.4 The Power Meter Unit......Page 158
6.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 161
7.1 Frequency Counter Operation......Page 162
7.2 Annotated Bibliography......Page 164
8.2 What a VNA Can Measure......Page 166
Dislay Control......Page 167
Trace Setup......Page 168
8.5 Error Correction......Page 170
8.6 Example of VNA Measurements on an RF Part......Page 175
8.7 Swept Measurements on the VNA as a Function of Power......Page 177
Objective......Page 180
Measurements Being Demonstrated......Page 181
Generic Procedure......Page 184
8.9 Annotated Bibliography......Page 188
9.1 Spectrum Analyzer Principles......Page 190
9.2 What a Spectrum Analyzer Can Measure......Page 191
9.3 Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram......Page 193
Center Frequency and Span......Page 194
Reference Level and Attenuation......Page 195
Video Bandwidth......Page 196
9.6 Basic Modulation Formats......Page 198
Generic Procedure......Page 201
9.8 Annotated Bibliography......Page 203
10.2 VSA Equipment......Page 206
10.3 What the VSA Can Measure......Page 208
10.4 Annotated Bibliography......Page 214
11.2 Noise Figure Principles......Page 216
11.3 Annotated Bibliography......Page 220
12.1 Coaxial Connectors......Page 222
12.3 Popular Coaxial Cable Connectors......Page 223
12.5 Annotated Bibliography......Page 225
13 RF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES......Page 226
13.1 Mismatch Uncertainties......Page 227
Mismatch Uncertainties......Page 228
13.3 Uncertainty of VNA Measurement of Absolute Power......Page 230
Power Measurement Uncertainty......Page 233
13.5 Measurement Uncertainties of Ratioed Measurements with a VNA......Page 234
13.6 Noise Figure Measurement Uncertainty......Page 238
13.7 Annotated Bibliography......Page 239
14 COMPONENTS THAT DO NOT HAVE COAXIAL CONNECTORS......Page 242
14.1 Using SOLT Calibration Standards Fabricated in Microstrip......Page 243
14.3 De-Embedding......Page 245
14.5 Annotated Bibliography......Page 246
PART III MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL RF COMPONENTS......Page 248
15.1 RF Communications System Components......Page 250
15.2 Annotated Bibliography......Page 255
16.1 RF Semiconductors......Page 256
16.2 Electronically Controlled Attenuators and Switches......Page 259
16.4 Annotated Bibliography......Page 263
17.1 Characteristics and Operation of a PLO......Page 264
17.2 Phase Noise and its Significance in a Digital RF Communications System......Page 269
Frequency......Page 271
Phase Noise......Page 272
Generic Procedure......Page 275
17.5 Annotated Bibliography......Page 277
18.1 How an Upconverter Works......Page 278
18.2 Mathematical Theory of Upconverter and Mixer Action......Page 280
18.3 Measurement of Upconverter Performance......Page 281
18.4 Generic Procedure for Upconverter Measurement......Page 284
18.5 Annotated Bibliography......Page 285
19.1 RF Transistors......Page 286
19.2 Semiconductor Materials for RF Transistors......Page 287
MESFETs......Page 288
Bipolar Transistor......Page 291
HEMTs and HBTs......Page 293
LDMOS......Page 294
19.4 Modulation Distortion Caused by Power Amplifier Nonlinearity......Page 295
19.6 Measurements of Amplifier Output Characteristics Versus Frequency and Input Power......Page 301
19.7 Harmonic Power Measurements......Page 306
Objective......Page 307
Generic Procedure......Page 308
19.9 Annotated Bibliography......Page 310
Gain......Page 312
Pattern......Page 314
Polarization......Page 315
Half-Wave Dipole Antenna......Page 316
Patch Antenna......Page 318
Colinear Dipole Array......Page 319
Patch Antenna Array......Page 320
20.3 Measurement of Antennas......Page 322
20.4 Duplexers......Page 324
20.5 Annotated Bibliography......Page 325
21 RF RECEIVER REQUIREMENTS......Page 326
21.1 Annotated Bibliography......Page 328
22.1 RF Filter Characteristics......Page 330
22.2 RF Filter Design......Page 331
Ceramic Block Filter......Page 332
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filters......Page 333
Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Filters......Page 334
Base Station Filters......Page 335
22.4 Measurement of RF Filters......Page 336
22.5 Group Delay and its Measurement......Page 337
Specifications of DUT......Page 341
22.7 Annotated Bibliography......Page 342
23 LNAs......Page 344
23.2 Noise Figure Principles......Page 345
Noise Figure of Passive Components......Page 346
Cascaded Noise Figure......Page 347
Mismatching of the Transistor Input to Reduce Noise Figure......Page 348
23.3 Intermodulation Products......Page 351
23.4 S-Parameters and How they are Used......Page 354
Objective......Page 357
Generic Procedure......Page 358
23.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 367
24.1 Basic Mixer Performance......Page 368
24.2 Selection of Individual Voice and Data Channels......Page 372
24.3 The Removal of Image Noise......Page 373
24.4 ZIF Mixer......Page 374
24.5 Mixer Measurements......Page 376
24.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 378
25.1 Noise Figure Measurement Setup and Procedure......Page 380
25.2 Measurement of the Noise Figure and Gain of LNAs, Filters, and Mixers......Page 381
25.3 Approximate Measurements of Noise Figure Without the NF Hardware and Software......Page 386
25.5 Annotated Bibliography......Page 387
26.1 Intermodulation Products......Page 390
26.2 Third-Order Intercept Point......Page 392
26.3 Calculation of Maximum Input Power......Page 393
Objective......Page 394
Generic Procedure......Page 395
26.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 396
27 OVERALL RECEIVER PERFORMANCE......Page 398
27.1 Overall Performance of a Typical RF Receiver......Page 399
27.3 Software for Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance......Page 402
27.4 Calculation of Overall Receiver Performance as a Function of Part Temperature......Page 406
27.5 Switching the LNA Into and Out of the Overall Receiver......Page 407
27.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 408
28 RFICs......Page 410
28.1 Wireless LAN......Page 411
28.2 Four Band GSM, GPRS, EDGE Handset......Page 412
28.3 Annotated Bibliography......Page 415
PART IV TESTING OF DEVICES WITH DIGITALLY MODULATED SIGNALS......Page 416
29 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS......Page 418
29.1 Block Diagram of the Complete Wireless Communication System......Page 419
29.2 Analog Voice and Video Signals......Page 421
29.3 The Digitizing of Analog Signals......Page 423
29.4 Data Signals......Page 426
Compression of Voice Signals......Page 427
Compression of Video Signals......Page 429
29.6 Error Correction......Page 430
29.7 Typical Bit Rates of Communications Systems......Page 432
29.8 Packet Switching......Page 433
29.9 Annotated Bibliography......Page 434
30.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)......Page 436
30.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)......Page 439
30.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 441
30.4 3G Cell Phones......Page 447
Cdma2000 Systems......Page 448
HSDPA High Data Rate Systems......Page 449
30.7 Annotated Bibliography......Page 452
31.1 802.11 Specifications......Page 454
31.2 OFDM Multiple Access Principles......Page 456
31.3 WiMAX......Page 458
31.4 Annotated Bibliography......Page 460
32.1 ACP......Page 462
32.3 ACP for North American Digital Cellular (NADC) Versus GSM Modulation Formats......Page 463
32.5 ACP Measurement Results for NADC and GSM......Page 464
32.6 Zero Span......Page 466
32.7 Annotated Bibliography......Page 467
33 CONSTELLATION, VECTOR, AND EYE DIAGRAM AND EVM......Page 468
33.1 Power Amplifier Backoff......Page 469
Eye Diagram......Page 470
EVM Spectrum......Page 474
33.4 Measurements of Constellation, Vector, and Eye Diagrams and EVM on an RF Power Amplifier and on an IF Filter......Page 477
33.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 486
34 CCDF......Page 488
34.1 CCDF Curves......Page 489
34.3 Comparison of Vector Diagrams and CCDF......Page 490
34.5 CCDF in Component Design......Page 493
34.6 Annotated Bibliography......Page 496
35.1 BER (Bit Error Rate) Testing......Page 498
35.2 Annotated Bibliography......Page 500
36 MEASUREMENT OF GSM EVOLUTION COMPONENTS......Page 502
36.1 Measurement of EDGE Signal Distortion......Page 504
36.2 Measurement of WCDMA and HSDPA Distortions......Page 505
36.3 Annotated Bibliography......Page 512
TERMINOLOGY......Page 514
INDEX......Page 520
