Revising the Integration-Citizenship Nexus in Europe: Sites, Policies, and Bureaucracies of Belonging

Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Conceptualising the Citizenship-Integration Nexus
1.1 Conceptualising the Citizenship-Integration Nexus
1.2 Structure of the Book
References
Part I: Integration Through Citizenship
Chapter 2: Ideas of Integration in Citizenship Laws and Citizenship Acquisition Procedures in Belgium and the UK
2.1 Policies of Naturalization
2.2 Methodology and Research Design
2.3 Integrationism in UK and Belgian Nationality Legislation
2.4 UK: The Routinisation of Integration Requirements
2.5 Belgium: Integration as the Letter of the Law
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Becoming Dutch at What Cost? Increasing Application Fees and Naturalisation Rates of EU Immigrants in the Netherlands
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Naturalisation Fees in the Netherlands
3.3 Data and Methodology
3.3.1 Data
3.3.2 Identification Strategy
3.4 Analysis
3.4.1 Trends
3.5 Single-Difference Regression: Main Effect and Impact Heterogeneity
3.6 Double-Difference Regression: Conditioned Relevance of the Fee Increase
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Citizenship and Naturalisation for Migrants in the UK After Brexit
4.1 British Nationality Law
4.2 Who Becomes a UK Citizen? Differences Between EU-born and Non-EU Born Migrants
4.3 Factors Affecting the Acquisition of Citizenship Among EU and Non-EU citizens, and the Role of Brexit
4.3.1 Origin Countries
4.3.2 Age at Migration and Years of Residence
4.3.3 Citizenship Policy in the Origin and Destination Countries: Dual Nationality Policies, Visa Type and Citizenship Fees
4.4 Conclusions and Gaps in the Data
References
Part II: Integration from Below
Chapter 5: Immigrant Economic Rights in the European Union
5.1 The Economic Rights of Migrants
5.2 Empirical Approach
5.2.1 Integration below Citizenship: Social and Psychological Integration in the EU
5.3 Measurement
5.3.1 Economic Rights
5.4 Analysis
5.4.1 Integration at Citizenship: Naturalisation Within the EU
5.5 Measurement
5.6 Analysis
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Migrants, New Citizens, Co-Citizens and Citizens by Adoption – Regionalist Parties’ Framing of Immigrants in the Basque Country, Corsica, South Tyrol, Scotland and Wales
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Actors and Processes of Constructing Regional Citizens through ‘Othering’
6.3 SNRPs in the Basque Country, Corsica, South Tyrol, Scotland and Wales
6.4 Regionalist Parties’ Framing of Immigrants: From ‘Unwanted’ Migrants to ‘New Citizens’, ‘Co-Citizens’ and ‘Citizens by Adoption’
6.4.1 Migrants – Those Who Do Not Belong to ‘Us’
6.4.2 Citizens: Migrants Who Belong to ‘Us’
6.5 Conclusion
References
Primary Documents
Chapter 7: Intercultural Citizenship in the Making: Public Space and Belonging in Discriminatory Environments
7.1 Introduction: The Debate on the Conditions of Interculturalism
7.2 Framing the Interculturalism, Public Space and Citizenship-Making Debate
7.3 Self-Perceptions on Discrimination and the Mitigating Effects of Place-Based Belonging
7.3.1 The Empirical Material: Analysing Data from Different Research Projects
7.3.2 Self-Perceptions on Discrimination
7.3.3 The Relation to Place and the Construction of Belonging
7.4 Concluding Remarks: Interculturalism from below
References
Chapter 8: “In London, I Am a European Citizen”: Brexit, Emotions, and the Politics of Belonging
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Belonging and the New Politics of Belonging as EU Citizens in Post-Brexit Britain
8.1.2 Methodology
8.1.3 Brexit, Emotions and the Intersectional Politics of Belonging
8.1.4 Emplacing Brexit and Urban Citizenship
8.1.5 ‘In London, I am a European Citizen’: EU Citizenship and the Nested Politics of Belonging
8.1.6 Conclusion: London’s Unique Position as the Hub of the Largest EU ‘Diaspora’ Outside the EU
References
Part III: Integration from Above
Chapter 9: “It Just Feels Weird” – Irish External Voting and the ‘Brexit Irish’
9.1 Introduction
9.2 External Voting
9.3 The Irish Context
9.3.1 Emigration and Diaspora
9.3.2 Irish External Votes – Policy & Campaigning
9.4 Brexit; Irish Citizens in the UK and NI
9.4.1 Irish Citizenship Eligibility for UK and NI Born Residents
9.5 The ‘Brexit Irish’
9.6 Project and Method
9.7 External Voting and the ‘Brexit’ Irish
9.7.1 A Move to Vote?
9.7.2 Connections/Disconnections
9.7.3 Reluctant to Influence
9.7.4 Northern Ireland
9.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Between Integration and Dissociation: Intra-European Immigrants’ Life Experiences in Romania
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mobile EU Citizens and Integration
10.3 Immigration to Romania and Previous Evidence on Integration
10.3.1 Expectations: An Atypical Integration
10.4 Data and Methods
10.5 Results
10.5.1 Linguistic Integration: Romanian Proficiency
10.5.2 Economic Integration: Employment and Entrepreneurship
10.5.3 Navigational Integration: Access to Healthcare
10.5.4 Social Integration: Volunteering, Interest in Politics, Informal Relations with Locals
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: EU Citizenship: A Tool for Integration?
11.1 Introduction
11.2 What Is EU Citizenship?
11.3 The Evolution of an Incomplete, Imbalanced, and Inconsistent Citizenship
11.4 Consequences of Weak EU Citizenship: Some Examples
11.4.1 Enlargement
11.4.2 Immigration and Eligibility for National Citizenship
11.4.3 Brexit and Suprastatelessness
11.5 Discussion
References
Appendix
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 6