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Rethinking the Responsibility to Protect: Challenged or Confirmed?

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This edited volume critically examines the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as a guiding norm in international politics. After NATO’s intervention in Libya, against the backdrop of civil wars in Syria and Yemen, and because of the cynical support for R2P by states such as Saudi Arabia, this norm is the subject of heavy criticism. It seems that the R2P is just political rhetoric, an instrument exploited by the powerful states. Hence, the R2P is being challenged. At the same time, however, institutional settings, normative discourses and contestation practices are making it more robust. New understandings of responsibility and the politics of protection are creating new normative spaces, patterns of legitimacy, and norm entrepreneurs, thereby reinforcing the R2P.

This book’s goals are to discuss the R2P’s roots, institutional framework, and evolution; to reveal its shortcomings and pitfalls; and to explore how it is exploited by certain states. Further, it elaborates on the R2P’s strength as a norm. Accordingly, the contributions presented here discuss various ways in which the R2P is being challenged or confirmed, or both at once. As the authors demonstrate, these developments concern not only diplomatic communication and political practices within international institutions, but also to normative discourses.

Furthermore, the book includes chapters that reevaluate the R2P from a normative standpoint, e.g. by proposing cosmopolitan standards as a guide for states’ external behavior. Other contributors reassess the historical evidence from U.N. negotiations on the R2P principle, and the productive or restrictive role of institutions. Discussing new issues relating to the R2P such as global and regional power shifts or foreign policy, as well as the phenomenon of authoritarian interventionism under the R2P umbrella, this book will appeal to all IR scholars and students interested in humanitarianism, norms, and power. By analyzing the status quo of the R2P, it enriches and broadens the debate on what the R2P currently is, and what it ought to be.

Author(s): Alexander Reichwein, Mischa Hansel
Series: Contributions to International Relations
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 289
City: Cham

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Introduction: The Responsibility to Protect—Challenged or Confirmed?
1 R2P’s Long Career—From Shadow to Substance?
2 Controversies Around the Responsibility to Protect
2.1 Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?
2.2 After Libya: The R2P as a Western Hegemonic Project?
2.3 R2P, Norm Contestation, and Norm Entrepreneurs and Antipreneurs
3 Debating the R2P (Again): The Institutional, Normative, and Practical Level
4 Outline of the Book
4.1 Institutions, Contestation, and Discourse Spaces
4.2 The R2P in Practice
4.3 Promises and Shortcomings
References
R2P—Institutions, Contestation, Discourse Spaces
The International Implementation of R2P: Norm Contestation and Its Consequences
1 Introduction
2 Norm Contestation and the Dynamic Development of International Norms
3 R2P at the World Summit: Between Normative Contestation and Great Power Politics
4 R2P’s Contested Implementation Within the UN
5 R2P’s Contested Application by the Security Council
6 Impact of Contestation on R2P’s Implementation
7 Conclusion
References
Forums Do Matter: Examining the Norm Dynamics of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
1 Introduction
2 R2P as a Contested Norm
3 Negotiation Forums and Their Influence
3.1 The Importance of the Characteristics of Institutional Negotiation Forums
3.2 Three Forum Characteristics and Their Effects on Contestation
4 Norm Development of R2P Within Negotiation Forums
4.1 Norm Emergence of the R2P
4.2 After the Establishment of R2P: Implementation in the Security Council
4.3 Informal Interactive Dialogue and General Assembly
4.4 Human Rights Council
5 Conclusion
References
R2P: Opening Discursive Spaces for Politics of Protection
1 Introduction: Arguments and Relevant Debates
2 Discursive Spaces—As a Concept and as an Analytical Framework
2.1 Norms, Actors, and Discourse
2.2 Genocide Prohibition
2.3 R2P
3 Discursive Spaces and the Limit of Discourse
4 Methodology, Methods, and Case Selection
5 Case Studies: Rwanda, Kosovo, and Libya
5.1 Rwanda 1994
5.2 Kosovo 1999
5.3 Libya 2011
6 Conclusion
References
Protection of Basic Human Rights by Exercising Graded Responsibilities: Linking the Responsibility to Protect with the Attribution of Extraterritorial Duties
1 Introduction
2 Establishing the Idea of a Responsibility to Protect
2.1 The Discourse About the Protection from Mass Atrocities
2.2 The Discourse About the Protection from Human Rights Violations in a Globalized World Economy
2.3 Similarities and Differences in Both Discourses About Human Rights Protection
3 Operationalizing the Idea of a Responsibility to Protect I: The R2P-Concept
3.1 Rejecting the Narrow but Deep Approach
3.2 Instruments for the Protection from International Crimes
4 Operationalizing the Idea of a Responsibility to Protect II: The Attribution of Extraterritorial Duties of Protection
4.1 Extraterritorial Duties of Protection for Member States of International Organizations
4.2 Extraterritorial Duties of Protection for Home States of Transnational Corporations
4.3 Comparison of the Processes of Norm Diffusion
5 Conclusion
References
R2P in Practice
R2P and Norm Localization: China’s Influence on the Development of R2P
1 Introduction
2 Constructivist Norms Research
2.1 The First Debate: Top-Down Perspective on Norms
2.2 The Second Debate: Norm Recipients and Norm Dynamics
3 R2P and Its Contestation by China
3.1 The Responsibility to Protect
3.2 China’s Reaction to the R2P Concept
4 China’s Localization and Reinterpretation of the R2P Norm
4.1 The National Understanding of State Sovereignty of China
4.2 Concerns About Western Interference in Domestic State Affairs
4.3 The Construction of Chinese Identity
4.4 China as an Influencer of the R2P Norm
5 Conclusion
References
Punishing or Preventing? The Responsibility to Protect and the Wars in South Sudan
1 Introduction
1.1 Interconnectivity and Multidimensionality of R2P—Theoretical Insights from the Case of South Sudan
1.2 Francis Deng and the Shifting Ground of the Responsibility to Protect in South Sudan
2 The History of South Sudan is the History of Its Conflicts
2.1 The Southern Sudanese Civil War’s Contribution to the Nascent Debate Over a Responsibility to Protect
2.2 The Civil War of 2013–2018: Background and Evolution
3 Dimensions of the Responsibility to Protect in the Case of South Sudan
3.1 Responsibility to Protect and the Judicial Process of Accountability
3.2 Restrictions on National Sovereignty
3.3 UNMISS as the Implementing Arm and Fist of the Responsibility to Protect
3.4 Sanctions as a Preventative Tool of the Responsibility to Protect
4 Conclusion
References
Rethinking Turkey’s Approach to R2P: Turkish Foreign Policy Towards the Syrian Civil War 2011–2017
1 Introduction
2 Turkey’s Approach to R2P
3 TFP in the Syrian Civil War
3.1 Pushing for R2P: Turkey’s Ambitious Policy of Regime Change in Syria
3.2 The Unintended Consequences of the Syrian Civil War for TFP
3.3 Turkey’s “Road to Damascus”
4 Analysis: R2P Challenged or Confirmed?
5 Conclusion
References
R2P—Promises and Pitfalls
The Waning of Post-Cold War Western Preponderance in International Norm Politics: Its Impact on the International Protection of People from Domestic Violence
1 Introduction
2 Western Preponderance in the Post-Cold War Politics of Human Protection
2.1 Humanitarianism as Imperial Temptation
2.2 The Western Role in Institutionalizing the Responsibility to Protect as a Contested Concept
3 The International Politics of Protection—An Illusion?
3.1 Built-in Tensions in the UN Charter
3.2 Humanitarian and Non-humanitarian Aspects of Protection Politics
3.3 The Complexity of Humanitarian Protection
4 Reflection: The Rise and Fall of Liberal Predominance in World Order Politics—Its Impact on Human Protection
4.1 Continuing the Politics of Protection at a Lower Level of Controversy and Engagement
4.2 R2P as a Normative Frame of Reference for Intervention by Authoritarian States
4.3 From International Protection to Stabilization: A New Agenda?
5 Conclusion
References
A Dangerous Responsibility: Towards a New Authoritarian Interventionism?
1 Introduction
1.1 Regime Type and R2P
1.2 A Dangerous Responsibility: Minority Protection
1.3 Different Models of Norm Evolution
2 A Short History of “Humanitarian” Interventions
2.1 Interventions in the Nineteenth Century: Protecting Christians in the Ottoman Empire
2.2 “Humanitarian” Interventions During the Cold War
2.3 A Dangerous Responsibility: Protecting Minorities under the R2P Umbrella
3 Authoritarian States and the R2P—Why Not?
3.1 The Cultural Politics of the R2P
3.2 R2P as a Functional Tool
3.3 Consolidation of Power and the Ambivalence of Genocide Research
3.4 The Need for Output Legitimacy
3.5 Protecting People as Securitizing Act
4 The Practices of Authoritarian Interventions: Saving Our Own People
4.1 Russia at the Crimea: “Protecting Russians”
4.2 Saudi Arabia's Intervention in Yemen: Protecting the Community of Faith
4.3 Turkey’s Buffer Zones on Syria’s Border: “Humanitarian Safe Zone” for the Kurds
5 The Evolution of the R2P Norm—Future Scenarios
5.1 Liberal Optimist Scenario: The Rule of Law and Human Rights Protection
5.2 Realist Pessimist Scenario: Towards a Functional Understanding of International Law
5.3 Alternative Scenario: Norm Dynamics and Non-linear Norm Evolution
References