This edited collection offers a timely and original perspective on the many upheavals and revolutions that broke out across the world during the earlytwentieth century. With previous research tending to confine revolutions within national borders, this book sets out to place them within a broader global sphere of thought and action. The authors explore the time phase between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Asturian Revolution of 1934, including cases from South Africa, Australia, China, the Middle East and Latin America. Providing insights from leading scholars in the field, this collection highlights the interconnectedness and transnationalism of upheavals and revolutions, offering a new approach which integrates political, social and cultural history.
Chapter 8 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via Link.springer.com
Author(s): Stefan Berger, Klaus Weinhauer
Series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 380
City: Cham
Volume Preface
Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
1 Three Decades of Global Revolution at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century: The Search for Democracy, Social Justice and National Liberation
Phases of Research on Revolution—Some Historiographical Contextualization
Three Revolutionary Decades at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, 1905–1934: Common Themes and Threads
Part I Revolutions Around the World
2 Leading the Workers, Leading the Peasants: The Russian Revolution 1897–1921
With the Workers
Losing the Workers
Leading the Peasantry
3 Imagining, Scripting and Enacting Revolution in Early Twentieth-Century China: The Xinhai Revolution of 1911
The Intellectual Premises: Reframing China’s Place in Global Time and Space
Scripting and Enacting a National Revolution for China
Conclusions: The Xinhai Revolution as a Cultural Transition
4 Frontiers of Revolution and Empire in the Middle East
Introduction
Prologue to Revolutions: Revolt Against Empire in the Frontiers
War and Revolution at the Frontiers of Empires, 1905–1939
Constitutional Revolutions and Frontier Effects, 1905–1911
Revolutionary Frontiers of Total War, 1912–1916
Revolts and Revolutions at the Final Frontier, 1917–1939
In Lieu of a Conclusion: Continuities at the Frontiers of Revolution and Empire
5 Land and Freedom: Anarchists and Indians in the Crossfire of Colonial Expansion and Social Revolution in Latin America from 1848 to 1917
Introduction
Divided Histories Between Anarchists and Indians
Anarchist Colonization in Latin America
The Commune Topolobambo in Mexico
Entangled Revolutionary Experiences: Anarchists and Indians in the Mexican Revolution
Land and Freedom
The Commune of Morelos: Emiliano Zapata and the Magonistas
Conclusion: Agrarian Social Thought and Communalist Agrarianism
Part II Revolutions, Revolutionaries, and Counter Mobilisation in Europe
6 Global Versus National Revolutionaries: Italian Trajectories from the ‘Great Migration’ to the ‘Fascist Revolution’
Introduction
Global Revolutionaries: Italian Migrants as Ethnic and Political Brokers Around the Atlantic
From the Global Setting to the National: A Tangle of Action and Mutual Support
Domestic Issues and Competing Visions of Social Change Within an Evolving Political Context
Reformism vs Syndicalism
‘Societas Christiana’ vs ‘Revolution’
War and Revolution
Class, Nation and Revolution in the Aftermath of the Great War: The Turbulent Biennio Rosso
Socialist Revolution
National Revolution
The Fascist ‘Revolution’
Conclusion
7 The German Revolution of 1918–1920
Introduction: Historiography of the German Labour Movement and of the German Revolution
Revolutionary Traditions in the German Labour Movement Before 1918?
First World War: Social Democracy, Social Movements, Russian Revolution
Revolution 1918–1920: Arenas, Patterns of Action and Perceptions
The Aftermath of the Revolution
Conclusion
8 The First Revolution of the Twentieth Century: Fears of Socialism and Anti-Labour Mobilisation in Europe After the Russian Revolution of 1905
Introduction
The Revolution of the Twentieth Century
Patterns of Counter-Revolutionary Mobilisation Before 1917
Conclusion
9 For People’s Power: The Known and Unknown Revolutions in Finland (1899–1932)
War and Revolution
Quiet Before the Storm
A Failed Revolution
Russian Comrades
The Question of Power
Class Struggle
Who Made the Class?
Equal Rights
Collapse of Power
The Aftermath
An Explanation
10 The Last Echo of 1917? The Asturian October Between Revolution and Antifascism
Spain and Revolution, 1917–1934
The Asturian October
Antifascism
Between Revolution and Antifascism
Part III Revolutionaries Between Repression and Reform
11 Vanguard to Laggard in a Revolutionary Age: Australian Labour, Democracy, Revolution and Reform
Australia at the Forefront of Global Advance
The Syndicalist Challenge
War, Conscription, Upsurge, Democracy
An Australian Revolution? A Project and Its Assessment
12 The United States in an Era of Global Revolution
Revolution?—The US Case
Corporate Hegemony, Informal Empire, and the Rise of Global Capitalism
Ameliorative Reform
Labor’s Revolt, 1909–1922
Socialist Advance—In the Municipalities
Wartime Labor Mobilization and Postwar Upheaval
Wartime State Repression and Local Class Reckonings
A ‘Cultural’ Revolution and the Foundations of New Deal Social Democracy
13 South African Revolutionaries: 1915–1922
Introduction
Workers of the World
A Republic of Industrial Workers?
Endpoints and Beginnings
Index
