Deep excavations in densely populated urban areas around the world pose specific challenges due to the increasingly complex conditions in which they are undertaken. The construction of underground car parks, cellar storage areas and major infrastructure in deep excavations helps to preserve the quality of space above ground. Despite the considerable effort that goes into their design and construction, such projects often encounter problems, such as damage to existing structures, delays and cost overruns. This book presents the results of an extensive research project conducted at the University of Cambridge, in cooperation with the Netherlands Centre of Underground Construction (COB) and Deltares, the Dutch Institute for water, subsurface and infrastructure issues. The study gained insight into mechanisms of soil-structure interaction for piled buildings adjacent to deep excavations and resulted in suggestions for designing and monitoring deep excavations in urban areas with soft soil conditions. Monitoring data of the construction of three deep excavations for the North–South metro line in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, have been used to validate the methods described. This book aims to contribute to the reduction of failure costs in the building industry, and in underground construction in particular.
Author(s): Korff, M.
Series: Deltares Select Series
Publisher: IOS Press
Year: 2013
Language: English
Pages: 344
City: Cambridge, Amsterdam
Tags: Engineering geology Congresses Soil mechanics Underground construction
Title Page
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction
Underground construction in densely populated areas
Failure costs in underground construction
Deep excavations in soft soil conditions
Scope and objective of this research
Research questions
Project cooperation
Outline thesis
Chapter 2. Literature Review
Introduction
Deep excavations
Empirical methods, all construction activities combined
Empirical methods, effect of excavation and installation
Semi-empirical methods, shape of settlement trough due to excavation
Predicting displacements due to installation of diaphragm walls
Building behaviour
Causes of damage in buildings
Classification of damage
Criteria for damage to buildings
Limiting tensile strain method
Interaction soil - building for shallow foundations
Introduction
The effect of building stiffness
The effect of building weight
The effect of the interface between building and soil
The response of pile foundations near deep excavations
Pile behavior
Response of piles to tunneling
Response of piles to deep excavations
Summary of literature
Green field displacements
Building deformations and damage
Soil-structure interaction
Chapter 3. Previous Case Histories
Introduction
Chater Station, Hong Kong (Davies and Henkel, 1982)
Situation
Effects of the construction
Final deformations and damage
Conclusion from Chater station case history
KPE Singapore (Lee et al., 2007)
Introduction
Damage prediction and results
Conclusion from Lee et al. (2007) case history
Excavation next to Xavier Warde School, Chicago (Finno et al., 2002)
Situation and construction works
Deformations and building damage
Conclusion from Xavier Warde School case history
Willemspoortunnel - White House Rotterdam
Introduction and soil conditions
Details of the White House building
Construction characteristics for Willemspoortunnel
Response of the 'White House'
Conclusions
Conclusions from previous case histories
Chapter 4. Field Data North South Line
Introduction
Soils characteristics
Geology and geohydrology
Soil profile
Soil parameters
Subsidence in Amsterdam
Building characteristics
Buildings in Amsterdam
Typical timber foundations
Foundation quality assessment method Amsterdam
Pile capacity and load-settlement behavior
Rokin Station
History
Station overview
Cross sections
Diaphragm wall and excavation supports
Buildings around Rokin Station
Construction activities and timelines
Vijzelgracht Station
Station overview
Cross section 12197
Cross section 12270
Diaphragm wall and excavation supports
Buildings around Vijzelgracht Station
Construction activities and timelines
Incidents
Ceintuurbaan Station
Station overview
Cross section 13044
Cross section 13110
Diaphragm wall and excavation supports
Building characteristics around Ceintuurbaan Station
Construction activities and timelines
Monitoring System
Introduction monitoring system
Deformation measurements for buildings
Surface measurements
Extensometers
Inclinometers
Other equipment
Corrections for background settlement
Reference of inclinometers in the wall
Chapter 5. Ground Displacements
Ground Settlement response
Green field prediction models for surface displacement
Ground displacements at depth
Presence of the buildings
Conclusions on ground displacements due to deep excavations
Chapter 6. Pile Load Tests Dapperbuurt
Introduction tests Dapperbuurt Amsterdam
Soil conditions
Test results
Analysis of special piles with/without casing
Shaft friction in Holocene layer
Shaft friction in foundation layer
Base capacity in foundation layer
Mobilization of negative skin friction / shaft capacity
Mobilization of base capacity
Neutral level for new piles
Old timber piles
Mobilization of negative skin friction / shaft capacity
Mobilization of base capacity
Neutral level for old piles
Conclusions based on test results Dapperbuurt
Combination of two piles (Amsterdam foundation)
Timber characteristics
Results Dapperbuurt compared to other pile load tests
Initial condition piles in Amsterdam
Chapter 7. Soil-Pile Interaction Model
Piles in influence zone of excavation
Axial interaction for single pile
Introduction
Soil displacement profile
Analytical solution if shaft friction is constant with depth
Analytical solution if shaft friction increases with depth
Effect of pile base capacity
Effect of pile flexibility
Resulting shaft friction with depth
Amsterdam timber pile
Summary interaction levels
Effects on piles not related to construction
Summary
Chapter 8. Soil-Pile Interaction Based on Measurements in Amsterdam
Introduction
Ceintuurbaan
Rokin
Vijzelgracht
Influence of building characteristics on soil-pile interaction
Horizontal interaction of soil and piled buildings
Summary and conclusions of soil-pile interaction based on measurements in Amsterdam
Chapter 9. Building Displacements
Introduction
Vertical deformations of piled buildings
Construction stages
Prism versus manual leveling
Effect of building stiffness
Horizontal deformations of piled buildings
Summary of building displacements
Chapter 10. Building Damage at Vijzelgracht
Introduction and events leading to building damage
Technical analyses cause of the leakage
Effect on the soil around the excavation
Damage to the buildings
Deformations and damage arising from first incident
Deformations and damage arising from the second incident
Repair of the buildings
Corrective grouting of the buildings affected by the first incident
Lifting the buildings affected by the second incident
Continuation of the excavation
Conclusions and lessons learned
Chapter 11. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research
Introduction
Ground displacements
Soil - pile interaction
Pile behavior
Response to deep excavations
Interaction level
Specific for the Amsterdam Cases
Building response
Recommendations for future research
General recommendations
Recommendations for typical Dutch conditions with timber piles
References
Annex A. Typical CPT per Station
Annex B. Soil Parameters
Annex C. Ground Displacements
Annex D. Dapperbuurt Test
Annex E. Building and Soil Deformation
