Response of Field Crops to Abiotic Stress: Current Status and Future Prospects

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1. Abiotic Stress Management through Elemental Biofortification in Field Crops
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Heavy Metal Stress
1.3 Salinity Stress
1.4 Drought Stress
1.5 Heat (High Temperature) Stress
References
2. Availing Engineered and Biosynthesized Metal-Based Nanoparticles to Alleviate Abiotic Stress
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Can Nanoparticles (NPs) Be the Right Choice?
2.1.2 Engineered and Biosynthesized NPs
2.2 NPs Enable Detection and Alleviation of Abiotic Stress
2.3 Delivery, Absorption, and Translocation of NPs in Plants
2.4 Mitigation of Abiotic Stress Using NPs
2.4.1 NPs and Drought Stress
2.4.2 NPs and Heavy Metal Toxicity
2.4.3 NPs and Heat Stress
2.4.4 NPs and Chilling/Cold Stress
2.4.5 NPs and Flooding Stress
2.4.6 NPs and Salinity Stress
2.4.7 NPs and Other Abiotic Stresses
2.5 Future Perspectives and Scopes
References
3. Arsenic Stress Sensitivity, Adaptation, and Mitigation Strategies in Field Crops
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Crop Sensitivity under As Stress
3.3 Molecular Mechanism of Adaptation and Mitigation during As Stress in Crop
3.3.1 In Silico Analysis
3.3.2 Study of Various Transporters/Transcription Factors/Genes in Field Crop
3.3.2.1 Arsenate As(V) Uptake Transporters in Crop Plant
3.3.2.2 Arsenite Uptake Transporters in Crop Plant
3.3.2.3 Arsenic Influx and Efflux Transporters in Crop Plant
3.3.2.4 Genes Involved in As Transformation to Its Various Forms
3.3.2.5 Study of Arsenic Detoxification Genes in Crop Plant
3.3.3 Other Mitigation Strategies
3.3.3.1 Water and Fertilizer Management
3.3.3.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi Mediated As Tolerance in Crops
3.3.3.3 Nanoparticles
3.4 Concluding Remark and Future Prospect
References
4. Heavy Metals’ Stress Responses in Field Crops
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources and Translocation of HM Pollution from Soil to Crop Plants
4.3 Various Mechanisms Involved in HMs’ Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
4.3.1 Vacuolar Sequestration
4.3.2 Production of Different Organic Acids
4.3.3 Phyto-Siderophore Biosynthesis
4.4 Strategies to Regulate HM Pollution in Crop Plants
4.4.1 Application of Plant Bio-Regulators
4.4.2 Elemental-Application–Based Management Strategy
4.4.3 Phyto and Eco-Remediation Strategies
4.4.4 Microbial Amendment
4.4.5 Omics (Genomics, Metabolomics and Proteomics) Approaches
4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
5. Chromium Dynamics in Soil-Plant System
5.1 Geochemistry of Chromium
5.2 Chromium in Soil Environment
5.2.1 Natural Presence of Chromium in Rock and Soil
5.2.2 Mobility and Bioavailability of Chromium in Soil
5.2.3 Plant Response to Cr(VI)
5.2.3.1 Plant Uptake and Translocation of Chromium
5.2.3.2 Effects of Chromium on Plants
5.2.3.3 Bioremediation of Chromium
References
6. Overview on the Effects of Heavy Metals on the Biological Activities of Leafy Vegetables
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Different Heavy Metals and Their Overall Reactions on Leafy Vegetables
6.2.1 Zinc
6.2.2 Copper
6.2.3 Chromium
6.2.4 Lead
6.2.5 Mercury
6.2.6 Cadmium
6.2.7 Arsenic
6.3 Physiological Responses by Plants
6.3.1 The Response Exhibited by the Transport Proteins
6.3.2 Change in Chlorophyll Content
6.4 The Heavy-Metal-Stress–Induced Signal Transduction Pathways
6.4.1 The Primary and the Initial Line of Defence
6.4.2 Signalling Cascade
6.4.2.1 MAP Kinase Pathway
6.4.2.2 Calcium-Calmodulin Pathway
6.5 The Abrupt Change in the Biological Activities of the Leafy Vegetables and the Secondary Metabolites Produced to Cope Up with the Stress
6.5.1 Role of Hormones Produced
6.5.2 Role of Polyamines
6.5.3 Role of Polyphenols
6.5.3.1 Phenolic Acids
6.5.3.2 Flavonoids
6.5.4 Role of Glutathione as an Antioxidant
6.6 Plant Adaptation Towards Heavy-Metal Stress
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Aluminum Toxicity and Ionic Homeostasis in Plants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Role of Transporters in Ionic Homeostasis
7.3 Role of Different Ionic Species in Aluminum Stress Response
7.3.1 Boron
7.3.2 Magnesium
7.3.3 Calcium
7.3.4 Phosphorous
7.3.5 Sulfur
7.3.6 Silicon
7.3.7 Nitric Oxide
7.3.8 Iron
7.3.9 Zinc
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Drought and Heat Stress Tolerance in Field Crops: Consequences and Adaptation Strategies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Drought Stress Tolerance in Field Crops
8.2.1 Signal Transduction in Drought Tolerance
8.2.2 Phytohormones in Drought Stress Tolerance
8.2.3 Osmotic Adjustment in Drought Stress Tolerance
8.2.4 Glyoxalase Pathway in Drought Tolerance
8.2.5 Stress Induced Proteins in Drought Stress Tolerance
8.3 High-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Field Crops
8.3.1 Antioxidants in High-Temperature Stress Tolerance
8.3.2 Role of Phytohormones in High-Temperature Stress Tolerance
8.3.3 Role of HSPs in High-Temperature Stress Tolerance
8.3.4 Omics Approach in Tolerating High-Temperature Stress
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Drought and High-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Field Crops
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Drought and Heat Stress Response on Field Crops
9.2.1 Plant Growth, Architecture and Biomass Partitioning under Drought and High Temperature
9.2.2 CT and Evapotranspiration under Drought and High Temperature
9.2.3 Regulation of Gas Exchange
9.2.4 Regulation in Hydraulic Conductance under Drought and High Temperature
9.3 Approaches to Improve Tolerance to the Combined Effect of Drought and High Temperature
9.4 Strategic Consideration and Future Prospects
References
10. Improving Submergence Tolerance in Rice: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Flooding
10.2.1 Anaerobic Germination (AG)
10.2.2 Short-Term Flooding/Flash Flooding
10.2.3 Long-Term Flooding
10.3 Environmental Characterization of Flood Water
10.4 Impact of Submergence Stress on Rice Plant
10.4.1 Stress during Submergence
10.4.2 Stress after De-Submergence/Re-Aeration
10.5 Adaptive Mechanisms to Submergence Stress
10.5.1 Morphological Adaptation
10.5.1.1 Aerenchyma Formation
10.5.1.2 Adventitious Root Formation
10.5.1.3 Leaf Gas Film (LGF) Formation
10.5.1.4 Shoot Elongation
10.5.1.5 Root Traits
10.5.1.6 Coleoptile Elongation during AG
10.5.2 Physiological Adaptation
10.5.2.1 Photosynthesis
10.5.2.2 Chlorophyll
10.5.3 Biochemical Adaptation
10.5.3.1 Hormonal Regulation
10.5.3.2 Carbohydrate Reserves and Energy Metabolism
10.5.3.3 Activation of Alcoholic Fermentation
10.5.3.4 Induction of Anaerobic Proteins
10.5.3.5 Oxidative Metabolism and Antioxidant Defence System
10.5.4 Molecular Adaptation
10.5.4.1 QTLs Related to AG Ability in Rice
10.5.4.2 QTLs in Relation to Rice for Flash Flooding Resistance
10.5.4.3 QTLs Associated with Long Term Flooding Tolerance in Rice
10.6 Marker-Assisted Breeding
10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
11. Salinity and Osmotic Stress in Field Crops: Effects and Way Out
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Soil Salinity and Its Effect on Field Crops
11.2 Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plants
11.2.1 Ion Homeostasis and Compartmentalization
11.2.2 Biosynthesis of Osmoprotectants and Compatible Solutes
11.2.3 Polyamines
11.2.4 Generation of Nitric Oxide (NO)
11.2.5 Biosynthesis of Antioxidant Compounds
11.2.6 Hormone Modulation
11.3 Mitigation Options
11.3.1 Mechanical Approach
11.3.2 Soil and Crop Management Practices
11.3.3 Biological Approach
11.3.3.1 Microbial intervention
11.3.3.2 Phytoremediation
11.3.3.3 Breeding of salt tolerant crops
11.3.3.4 Breeding of salt tolerant crops through genetic engineering
11.3.4 Chemical Approach
11.4 Conclusion and Path Ahead
References
12. Compatible Solutes Engineering to Balance Salt (Na[sup(+)])and ROS-Induced Changes in Potassium Homeostasis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Compatible Solutes in Relation to K[sup(+)] Balance and ROS Homeostasis under Salinity
12.2.1 Proline
12.2.2 Trehalose
12.2.3 Glycine Betaine
12.3 Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Modulating Compatible Solute-Mediated K[sup(+)] Balance
12.3.1 Polyamines
12.3.2 Salicylic Acid
12.3.3 Melatonin
12.4 Compatible Solutes Engineering to Modulate K[sup(+)] Balance and ROS Homeostasis under Salt Stress
12.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
13. Metabolomics and Molecular Physiology Perspective for Drought and Salinity Stress Tolerance
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Metabolomics under Abiotic Stress
13.2.1 Plant Metabolomics under Drought Stress
13.2.2 Plant Metabolomics under Salinity Stress
13.2.3 Hormonal Control of Drought and Salinity Tolerance
13.3 Molecular Physiology under Abiotic Stress
13.3.1 Drought-Responsive Molecular Physiology
13.3.2 Salinity Stress-Responsive Molecular Physiology
13.4 Kinases and RNA Metabolism
13.5 Prospecting of Drought and Salt Stress-Responsive Metabolic QTL (mQTLs)/Alleles
13.6 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
References
14. Stress in Plants: A Curse in Plant Productivity and Blessing in Food Security
14.1 Introduction
14.2 UV Reception in Plants
14.3 Plant Responses to UV Radiation
14.3.1 Germination
14.4 Physiological Responses UV Radiation Mediated by Photoreceptors
14.4.1 Photosynthesis
14.4.2 Stomatal Opening and Closure
14.5 UV and Plant Ultrastructure
14.6 Mechanism of UV Inhibition and Damage Control
14.7 Use of UV in Crop Improvement
14.8 Application of UV in Disease Control
14.9 Application of UV in Pre and Post-Harvest for Crop Management and Improvement
14.10 Conclusion
References
15. Impact of Elevated CO[sub(2)] and O[sub(3)] on Field Crops and Adaptive Strategies through Agro-Technology
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Trends of Atmospheric CO[sub(2)] and Tropospheric O[sub(3)]
15.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Emission and Impact on Global Climate
15.2.2 Ozone: The Background
15.2.2.1 O[sub(3)] Chemistry
15.2.2.2 Surface Ozone Pollution: Past, Present, and Future
15.3 Effect of Elevated CO[sub(2)] and O[sub(3)] on Field Crops
15.3.1 Crop Responses to Elevated CO[sub(2)]
15.3.1.1 Crop Growth and Yield under Elevated CO[sub(2)]
15.3.1.2 Crop Quality under Elevated CO[sub(2)]
15.3.2 Surface O[sub(3)] Exposure and Plant Health
15.3.3 Effect of Elevated CO[sub(2)] and Tropospheric O[sub(3)] Interactions on Crops
15.4 Adaptive Strategies to Elevated CO[sub(2)] and Tropospheric O[sub(3)]
15.5 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
16. Role of Apetela2 (AP2)/ERF Family Transcription Factors in Stress-Responsive Gene Expression
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification
16.2.1 bZIP (Basic Region Leucine-Zipper) Proteins
16.2.2 MYB Proteins
16.2.3 The HD Proteins
16.2.4 The MADS-Box Domain-Containing Transcription Factor
16.2.5 Proteins with Zinc-Containing Motifs
16.2.6 The HMG (High Mobility Group)-Box Containing Proteins
16.2.7 Heat Shock Factors (HSFs)
16.2.8 The AP2/ERF Proteins
16.3 The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Superfamily
16.4 AP2/ERF Domain Structure
16.5 Phylogenetic Tree of the AP2/ERF Family Transcription Factors
16.6 Cis-Acting Elements in Stress-Responsive Gene Expression
16.7 Stress Responses by AP2/ERF Transcription Factors
16.7.1 DREB1/CBF (Subgroup A-1) under Cold Stress Tolerance
16.7.2 Non-Cold-Inducible DREB1s/CBFs under Abiotic Stress
16.7.3 DREB2 Subgroup under Dehydration and Heat Shock
16.7.4 Post-Transcriptional Regulation of DREB2s Underwater and High Temperature Stress
16.7.5 A-3 Subgroup
16.7.6 A-4 Subgroup
16.7.7 A-5 Subgroup
16.7.8 A-6 Subgroup
16.8 DREB1s/CBFs, DREB2s, and Other Transcription Factors
16.9 ERF Subfamily Members in Abiotic Stress Responses
16.10 Validation of a Transcription Factor That Responds to Drought and ABA
16.11 Conclusion
References
17. Impact of Climate Change on Productivity of Field Crops
17.1 Climate Change – World Scenario
17.2 Milestones of Extreme Weather Worldwide
17.3 Changes Observed in Climatic Variables That Are Related to Crop Production
17.4 Components of Climate Change
References
18. Impact of Climate Change on Growth and Productivity of Major Field Crops
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Climate Change Impacts on Growth and Productivity of Major Cereals
18.2.1 Rice
18.2.1.1 Adaptation Options
18.2.2 Wheat
18.2.2.1 Adaptation Options
18.2.3 Maize
18.2.3.1 Adaptation Options
18.3 Effect of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of Major Fibre Crops
18.3.1 Jute
18.3.1.1 Adaptation Options
18.3.2 Cotton
18.3.2.1 Mitigation Options
18.4 Effect of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of Major Pulse Crops
18.4.1 High-Temperature Stress
18.4.2 Low-Temperature Stress
18.4.3 Rainfall
18.4.3.1 Adaptation Options
18.5 Effect of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of Major Oilseed Crops
18.5.1 Groundnut
18.5.2 Soybean
18.5.3 Rapeseed and Mustard
18.5.3.1 Adaptation Options
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Growth, Physiology, Yield, and Yield Attributes of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) with Reference to Abiotic Stresses
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Physiological Frame Work
19.2.1 Crop Establishment and Development
19.2.2 Crop Phenology: Vegetative and Reproductive Growth
19.3 Yield Attributes and Yield
19.4 Responses of Lentil to Abiotic Stress
19.4.1 High Temperature Stress
19.4.2 Reproductive Growth
19.4.3 Quality of Seed
19.4.4 Low-Temperature Stress
19.4.5 Waterlogging Stress
19.4.6 Salt Stress
19.4.7 Drought
19.5 Lentil Genomics and Its Application in Crop Improvement
19.6 Crop Simulation Models
19.7 Significance of Lentil under Climate Change
19.8 Future Line of Works
Acknowledgement
Reference
20. Micropropagation for Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants: An Overview
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Somaclonal Variation
20.3 Abiotic Stress Tolerant of Plants in in vitro Selection
20.3.1 Drought Stress
20.3.2 Cold
20.3.3 Salt
20.3.4 Heat
20.3.5 Toxin
20.4 Crop Plants and Biotic Stresses
20.5 Conclusion
References
21. Specialty Traditional Rice Landraces: Its Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Potentiality for Human Health
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Rice Grain Structure and Characterization
21.3 Rice Grain Quality and Effects of Stress
21.4 Use of Different Metabolomic Approaches for Rice Grain Quality Assessment
21.5 Nutritional Composition and Health Benefit of Rice
21.5.1 Carbohydrate
21.5.2 Lipid
21.5.3 Protein
21.5.4 Vitamins
21.5.5 Metal Micronutrients
21.5.6 Volatile and Aroma Compounds
21.5.7 Bioactive Phytochemicals
21.6 Unique rice landraces with nutraceutical potentiality
21.6.1 Black Rice as a Potent Nutraceutical
21.6.2 Some Selected Research Studies on the Nutraceutical Potentialities of Specialty Rice Landraces
21.7 Conservation of Rice-Genetic Diversity
21.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
22. Computational Modeling and in silico Approaches in Understanding Abiotic Stress Responses in Field Crops
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Databases
22.3 Working with Sequences
22.4 Working with Structures and Structural Quality Assessment
22.5 Gene Expression Data Analyses
22.6 Other Tools
22.7 Discussions
References
23. Flood Stress Prevalence and Assessment of Farmers’ Preparedness with Resilient Rice Varieties: A Review in Context of Eastern India
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Floodplains and Their Distribution
23.3 Flooding Types and Extent of Losses
23.3.1 Types of Flooding
23.3.1.1 Flash Flooding
23.3.1.2 Stagnant Flooding
23.3.1.3 Deep-Water Flooding
23.3.2 Extent of Crop Damage Due to Flood Stress
23.4 Mechanism of Flood Tolerance in Rice
23.4.1 Quiescence and Escape Strategies
23.4.2 Flooding Tolerance Mechanism
23.4.2.1 Tolerance Mechanism at Seed Germination Level
23.4.2.2 Tolerance Mechanism at Vegetative Stage
23.4.2.3 Tolerance Mechanism at Stagnant Flooding
23.4.2.4 Tolerance Mechanism at Deep-Water Flooding
23.5 Traditional Flood-TolerantRice Varieties
23.6 Rice Varietal Improvement for Flood Tolerance
23.6.1 Conventional Breeding Approaches
23.6.1.1 Identification of Flood-Tolerant Genetic Resources at Germination
23.6.1.2 Identification of Genetic Resources for Flooding Tolerance at Post Germination Stage
23.6.1.3 Identification of Genetic Resources for Flash Flooding Tolerance
23.6.1.4 Identification of Genetic Resources for Stagnant Flooding Tolerance
23.6.2 Modern Breeding Approaches
23.6.2.1 Molecular Markers and QTL for Flooding Tolerance
23.6.2.2 Marker-Assisted Breeding
23.6.2.3 Genome-Wide Association Mapping
23.7 Improved Flood-Tolerant Rice Varieties and Their Dissemination
23.7.1 Breeder Seed Indent Reflection
23.7.2 Innovation in Varietal Positioning
23.7.2.1 On-Farm Trials
23.7.2.2 Cluster Demonstration
23.7.2.3 Varietal Cafeteria
23.8 Adoption Dynamics and Farmers’ Preference for Improved Rice Varieties
23.8.1 Seed Scaling: A Case Study on Sub1 Varieties in Odisha, India
23.8.1.1 Swarna-Sub1
23.8.1.2 BINA dhan 11
23.8.1.3 CR 1009-Sub1
23.8.2 Dissemination Learning from Odisha Initiative
23.9 Future Perspectives
23.9.1 Product Management, Positioning, and Sustained Adoption
23.9.2 Multicomponent Stress-Tolerant Variety Development
23.9.3 Use of Remote Sensing and Eco-Spatial Modeling for Targeting
23.9.4 Stress Molecular Sensing and Signaling
23.10 Conclusion
References
24. Determination and Quantification of Chemical Pollutants by Spectroscopic Techniques: A Possible Use in Chemical Analysis of Food Crops under Stress
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
24.2.1 UV-VIS
24.2.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
24.2.3 FTIR
24.2.3.1 Basic Principle
24.2.4 Raman Spectroscopy
24.2.5 AAS
24.2.6 ICP-MS
24.2.7 ICP-MS Applications
24.3 Spectroscopic Applications in Pollutant Determination
24.3.1 Technique for Evaluating of the Overall Quality of Olive Oil by Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy
24.3.2 Identification of Wheat Varieties Using FTIR Spectroscopy
24.4 Applications of Spectroscopy in Various Agricultural Processes
24.4.1 Applications of FTIR Spectroscopy in Microplastic Pollution Detection
24.4.2 Estimation of Organic Pollution in Rivers Using Fluorescence and Absorption Spectroscopy
24.4.3 Measuring Mercury as a Pollutant Using AAS
24.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Index