The Resource Book, conceived as a practical guide to the TRIPS Agreement, provides detailed analysis of each of its provisions, aiming at a sound understanding of WTO Members' rights and obligations. The purpose is to clarify the implications of the Agreement especially highlighting the areas in which the treaty leaves leeway to Members for the pursuit of their own policy objectives, according to their respective levels of development. In doing so, the book does not produce tailor-made prescriptions but gives guidance on the implications of specific issues and on the options available. The book is not limited to the analysis of the TRIPS Agreement but to the consideration of related questions and developments at the national, regional, and international level.
Author(s): UNCTAD-ICTSD
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 846
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Part Two: Substantive Obligations......Page 13
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 14
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 15
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 16
List of Acronyms......Page 17
1: Preamble......Page 19
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 20
2.2.1 Early proposals......Page 22
2.2.2 The Anell Draft......Page 25
3. Possible interpretations......Page 28
4.1 Shrimp-Turtles......Page 30
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 31
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 32
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 35
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 36
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 39
3.1 Article 1.1, First sentence......Page 41
3.2 Article 1.1, Second sentence......Page 42
3.3 Article 1.1, Third sentence......Page 43
4.1 India-Mailbox......Page 45
4.2 Canada-Generics......Page 46
6.1 National laws......Page 48
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 51
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 53
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 55
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 56
2.2.1 The involvement of WIPO......Page 58
5. Intellectual Property Conventions......Page 60
2.2.3 The Brussels Draft......Page 61
3.1 Article 1.2, TRIPS Agreement......Page 62
3.2 Article 2, TRIPS Agreement and other cross-referencing provisions......Page 65
3.3 State practice......Page 69
4.1 Havana Club......Page 70
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 73
6.2.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 74
6.3.1 Regional......Page 75
6.4 Proposals for review......Page 77
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 78
4: Basic Principles......Page 79
1.1 National treatment......Page 80
1.2 Most-favoured-nation treatment......Page 81
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 82
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 83
3.1 National treatment......Page 91
3.2 MFN treatment......Page 95
3.3 WIPO Acquisition and Maintenance Treaties......Page 100
4.1 U.S.–Havana Club......Page 101
4.2 EC–Protection of Trademarks and GIs......Page 103
6.1 National laws......Page 104
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 105
6.4 Proposals for review......Page 106
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 107
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 110
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 112
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 115
3. Possible interpretations......Page 122
4. WTO jurisprudence......Page 126
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 127
6.1 National laws......Page 128
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 132
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 134
1. Introduction:terminology, definition and scope......Page 136
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 137
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 138
3.1 Article 7 (Objectives)......Page 143
3.2 Article 8 (Principles)......Page 144
4. WTO jurisprudence......Page 146
6.2 International instruments......Page 148
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 150
1.1 Overview of copyright in general, and in TRIPS......Page 153
1.2 Terminology, definition and scope......Page 157
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 159
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 160
3.1 Literary and artistic works......Page 161
3.2 Official texts, lectures, addresses......Page 163
3.3 Creativity and originality requirements......Page 164
3.4 The fixation requirement......Page 165
4. WTO jurisprudence......Page 166
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 167
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 168
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 170
2.2 Negotiating History......Page 171
3. Possible interpretations......Page 173
5. Relationship with other international instruments......Page 176
6.1 National laws......Page 177
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 178
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 182
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 183
3. Possible interpretations......Page 184
6.2 International instruments......Page 185
6.3 Regional contexts:The EC Database Directive......Page 186
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 188
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 189
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 190
3. Possible interpretations......Page 192
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 194
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 196
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 197
3. Possible interpretations......Page 199
6.1 National laws......Page 200
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 202
1. Introduction:terminology, definition and scope......Page 204
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 205
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 206
3. Possible interpretations......Page 207
3.1 Certain special cases......Page 208
3.2 Conflict with the normal exploitation of the work......Page 210
3.3 Unreasonable prejudice to the legitimate interests of the right holder......Page 211
4. WTO jurisprudence......Page 212
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 213
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 214
13: Related Rights......Page 216
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 217
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 218
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 219
3.1 Article 14.1 TRIPS (Rights of performers)......Page 223
3.4 Article 14.4 TRIPS (Rental rights)......Page 224
3.6 Article 14.6 TRIPS (Conditions,limitations, exceptions and reservations)......Page 225
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 226
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 230
14: Trademarks......Page 232
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 234
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 235
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 236
3.1 Article 15......Page 246
3.2 Article 16......Page 253
3.3 Article 17: exceptions......Page 260
3.5 Article 19: requirement of use......Page 262
3.6 Article 20: other requirements......Page 264
3.7 Article 21: licensing and assignment......Page 265
4.1 United States–Havana Club......Page 267
4.2 Indonesia–Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry......Page 272
4.3 EC–Protection of Trademarks and GIs......Page 273
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 274
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 275
6.1 National laws......Page 277
6.2 International instruments......Page 278
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 279
7.1 The opportunities......Page 282
7.2 The challenges......Page 283
15: Geographical Indications......Page 285
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 287
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 288
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 297
3.1 Article 22 (Geographical indications in general)......Page 307
3.2 Article 23 (Wines and Spirits)......Page 313
3.3 Article 24 (International negotiations; exceptions)......Page 317
4.1 EC–Protection of Trademarks and GIs......Page 325
4.2 Japan–Alcoholic Beverages......Page 327
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 328
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 329
6.4 Proposals for review......Page 333
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 335
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 340
1.1 Definitions......Page 341
1.2 Terminology......Page 342
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 344
3.2 Nature of protection–copyright or sui generis design right (registered or unregistered)......Page 347
3.3 Conditions of protection (Article 25.1)......Page 349
3.4 Textile designs (Article 25.2)......Page 353
3.6 National treatment and reciprocity of protection (Article 26.1, Article 3)......Page 354
3.7 Functional designs–exceptions and limitations (Articles 25.1 and 26.2)......Page 355
3.8 Term of protection (Article 26.3)......Page 359
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 360
6.1 National laws......Page 361
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 363
7.2 Industries which are disadvantaged under the copyright approach......Page 364
7.3 Industries which benefit from the sui generis design approach......Page 365
7.5 Implementation costs......Page 366
7.6 Summation......Page 367
1.1 Overview of TRIPS provisions on patents......Page 369
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 371
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 372
3.1 Availability in all fields of technology......Page 374
3.2 Patentability Criteria......Page 376
4. WTO jurisprudence......Page 379
6.2 International instruments......Page 380
7.1 General observations on TRIPS patent provisions, including Article 27.1......Page 381
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 386
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 387
3. Possible interpretations......Page 388
4.1 EC–Canada......Page 389
4.2 United States–Brazil......Page 390
6. New developments......Page 391
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 392
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 393
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 394
3. Possible interpretations......Page 395
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 399
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 400
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 402
3. Possible interpretations......Page 403
6.4 Proposals for review......Page 404
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 405
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 406
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 408
3.1 Plants and animals......Page 409
3.2 Micro-organisms......Page 410
3.3 Processes......Page 411
3.4 Plant varieties......Page 412
3.5 Review......Page 413
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 417
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 418
6.1 National laws......Page 423
6.2 International instruments......Page 424
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 427
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 428
22: Patents: Rights Conferred......Page 431
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 432
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 433
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 434
3.1 Article 28.1 (a)......Page 436
3.2 Article 28.1(b)......Page 438
3.4 Revocation (Article 32)......Page 440
3.5 Term of protection......Page 442
4.2 Term of protection......Page 443
6.1 National laws......Page 444
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 445
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 448
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 449
3.1 The conditions of Article 30......Page 450
3.2 Acts that may be exempted......Page 455
4.1 EC-Canada......Page 457
4.2 United States-Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act......Page 460
6.1 National laws......Page 461
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 462
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 463
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 466
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 467
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 468
3. Possible interpretations......Page 469
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 472
6.1 National laws......Page 473
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 474
6.4 Proposals for review......Page 475
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 476
25: Patents:Non-Voluntary Uses (Compulsory Licences)......Page 478
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 479
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 480
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 481
3.2 Prior negotiations......Page 486
3.3 Scope and duration......Page 490
3.5 Non-assignment......Page 491
3.7 Termination......Page 492
3.8 Adequate remuneration......Page 493
3.9 Review by Judicial or Distinct Higher Authority......Page 495
3.11 Dependent Patents......Page 497
4.1 EC-Canada......Page 498
4.2 United States–Brazil......Page 499
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 500
6.1 National laws......Page 501
6.2 International instruments......Page 502
6.4 Proposals for review......Page 504
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 505
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 514
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 515
3. Possible interpretations......Page 516
3.1 Article 34.1(a)......Page 518
3.3 Article 34.2......Page 519
5. Relationship with other international instruments......Page 520
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 521
27: Integrated Circuits......Page 523
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 524
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 525
2.2.1 The Anell Draft......Page 526
2.2.2 The Brussels Draft......Page 527
3.2 Requirement for protection......Page 529
3.4 National treatment......Page 530
3.6 Extension of protection to industrial products......Page 531
3.8 Compulsory licenses......Page 533
3.10 Term of protection......Page 534
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 535
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 536
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 538
2.2.1 Early national proposals......Page 540
2.2.2 The Anell Draft......Page 541
2.2.3 The Brussels Draft......Page 543
3.1 Article 39.1......Page 544
3.2 Article 39.2......Page 546
3.3.1 Conditions for protection of data submitted for marketing approval......Page 548
3.3.2 Forms of protection of data submitted for marketing approval......Page 549
5. Relationship with other international instruments......Page 550
6.1 National laws......Page 551
6.2 International instruments......Page 552
6.3.1 Regional......Page 553
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 555
29: Competition......Page 557
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 558
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 560
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 561
3.1 Article 8.2......Page 564
3.2 Article 40......Page 572
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 583
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 584
6.1 National laws......Page 585
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 587
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 589
1. Introduction, terminology, definition and scope......Page 593
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 596
3.1 Article 41......Page 597
3.2 Article 42......Page 603
3.3 Article 43......Page 605
3.4 Article 44......Page 608
3.5 Article 45......Page 610
3.6 Article 46......Page 612
3.7 Article 47......Page 614
3.8 Article 48......Page 615
3.9 Article 49......Page 618
3.10 Article 50......Page 619
3.11 Article 51......Page 626
3.12 Article 52......Page 630
3.13 Article 53......Page 631
3.14 Article 54......Page 632
3.15 Article 55......Page 633
3.17 Article 57......Page 634
3.18 Article 58......Page 635
3.19 Article 59......Page 636
3.21 Article 61......Page 637
3.22 Article 62......Page 639
4.1 Havana Club......Page 643
4.2 Complaints United States v. Sweden and Unites States v. Argentina......Page 646
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 647
6.1 National laws......Page 648
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 649
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 652
31: Transparency......Page 655
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 656
3.1 Article 63.1......Page 658
3.2 Article 63.2......Page 662
3.3 Article 63.3......Page 663
3.4 Article 63.4......Page 664
4.1 India–Patent Protection......Page 665
4.3 EC–Protection of Trademarks and GIs......Page 667
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 668
1.1 General observations concerning the WTO Dispute Settlement System......Page 669
1.2 Overview of the procedure......Page 670
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 675
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 677
3.1 Violation complaints, Article 64.1......Page 682
3.2 Non-violation and situation complaints, Article 64.2 and 3......Page 686
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 695
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 696
7.1 Non-violation complaints......Page 698
7.3 The consequences of the binding force of the WIPO-administered conventions......Page 700
7.4 Development-related provisions under the DSU......Page 701
7.5 General implications of the rules-based system of the DSU......Page 704
7.6 Some shortcomings of the DSU with respect to developing countries......Page 705
1. Introduction......Page 708
2.2 Negotiating History of Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention......Page 709
3. The interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement......Page 711
4.1 The particular nature of the TRIPS Agreement......Page 713
4.2 The principle of effectiveness......Page 714
4.3 The context of the treaty terms and the object and purpose of the treaty......Page 715
4.4 Subsequent state practice and the status of prior panel reports in WTO law......Page 716
4.5 The principle of evolutionary interpretation......Page 718
4.6 Recourse to preparatory work, to the intention of the parties and to teleological interpretation......Page 719
4.7 The interpretation of national law......Page 720
5. Conclusion......Page 721
33: Transitional Periods......Page 723
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 724
3.1 Article 65.1......Page 730
3.2 Article 65.2......Page 731
3.4 Article 65.4......Page 732
3.6 Article 66.1......Page 733
6.2 International instruments......Page 735
6.4 Proposals for review......Page 741
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 742
34: International and Technical Cooperation and Transfer of Technology......Page 743
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 744
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 745
3.1 Article 69......Page 747
3.3 Article 66.2......Page 748
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 749
6.2 International instruments......Page 750
6.3 Regional and bilateral contexts......Page 753
7.1 Technical cooperation......Page 754
7.2 Technology transfer......Page 755
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 757
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 758
3.1 The functions of the Council......Page 762
3.2 The Council in actual practice......Page 764
6.2 International instruments......Page 766
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 767
36: Transitional Provisions......Page 769
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 770
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 771
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 772
3.1 Article 70.1......Page 775
3.2 Article 70.2......Page 776
3.3 Article 70.3......Page 779
3.4 Article 70.4......Page 780
3.6 Article 70.6......Page 781
3.7 Article 70.7......Page 783
3.8 Article 70.8......Page 784
3.9 Article 70.9......Page 791
4.2 India–Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products (“India–Mailbox”)......Page 794
6.1 National laws......Page 796
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 799
1.1 Review......Page 801
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 802
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 803
3.1 Article 71.1......Page 804
3.2 Article 71.2......Page 808
5.1 WTO Agreements......Page 809
6.2 International instruments......Page 810
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 811
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 814
2.2 Negotiating history......Page 815
3. Possible interpretations......Page 816
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 817
1. Introduction: terminology, definition and scope......Page 819
2.1 Situation pre-TRIPS......Page 820
3. Possible interpretations......Page 821
4. GATT and WTO jurisprudence......Page 824
5.2 Other international instruments......Page 826
7. Comments, including economic and social implications......Page 827
Index......Page 829
