Reservoir Ecotoxicology

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Reservoir Ecotoxicology
1 Definition of Reservoir Ecotoxicology
2 Types of Reservoirs
3 Distribution of Reservoirs in the World
4 Environmental Impacts of Reservoirs
4.1 Water Temperature Change
4.2 Reservoir Sedimentation Risk
4.3 Greenhouse Gas Pollution and Climate Change
4.4 Water Pollution
4.5 Effects of Water-Level Fluctuation Zone
5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Environmental Characteristics in Reservoir Ecosystems
Chapter 2: Characterization of Reservoir Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Site-Specific Characters
2.1 Biophysical Setting
2.2 Climate
2.3 Geology
3 Physical Transport Mechanisms
3.1 Hydrology
3.2 Erosion
4 Natural Communities
4.1 Fish Communities
4.2 Microbial Diversity
4.3 Macroinvertebrate Community Composition
4.4 Plant Communities and Distribution Patterns
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Main Sources and Distribution of Pollutants in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Sources of Pollutants
3 Source Apportionment Techniques
4 Pollution in the TGRA
5 Spatial Distribution of Pollutants in the TGRA
5.1 Heavy Metals
5.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
5.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
5.4 Phthalates (PAEs)
5.5 Microplastics (MPs)
5.6 Nutrient or Algal Pollution
5.7 Microbial Diversity and Pollution
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Migration and Transformation of Pollutants in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Fluctuating Impoundment Level Effects
3 Status and Migration of Pollutants in the TGRA
4 Temporal and Seasonal Variations of Pollutants
5 Ecological Health of the TGRA
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Harmful Algal Bloom in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 The Formation of Algal Bloom in the Water Bodies
3 Conditions that Stimulate Harmful Algal Blooms in the Reservoir
4 Reservoir Algal Bloom in Different Countries
5 Methods Used to Control Harmful Algal Bloom in the Reservoirs
5.1 Chemicals
5.2 Aeration
5.3 Mixing
5.4 Ultrasound
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Microplastics Pollution in the Reservoir: Occurrence, Extraction, and Characterization
1 Introduction
2 Sources of MPs in Reservoirs
3 Occurrence and Distribution of MPs in Reservoirs
4 MPs Sampling and Analysis Techniques
4.1 Sample Collection
4.2 Sample Pre-treatment
4.3 Characterization of MPs
4.3.1 FTIR Spectroscopy
4.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy
4.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Distribution of Microorganisms in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Factors Affecting the Microbial Diversity in the Aquatic Environment
3 Microbial Diversity and Phylogenetic Distribution Pattern in the TGRA
4 Effect of Environmental Variations on Microbial Diversity in the TGR
5 The TGRA Ecological Health via Bacteria-Based Index
6 Conclusion
References
Part III: Study Methods of Ecotoxicology in the Reservoir
Chapter 8: Ecotoxicity Test Methods of Primary Producers in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Standardized Ecotoxicity Tests Using Primary Producers
2.1 Luminescence Inhibition Test of Vibrio fischeri
2.2 Growth Inhibition Test of Raphidocelis subcapitata
2.3 Growth Inhibition Test of Spirodela polyrhiza
2.4 Vegetative Shoot Inhibition Test of Myriophyllum spicatum
3 Ecotoxicity Assessment of Freshwater Reservoirs Using Primary Producers
4 Concerns in Standardized Primary Producers-Based Ecotoxicity Tests
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Ecotoxicology Methods of Reservoir Water Using Invertebrates
1 Introduction
2 Invertebrates for Ecotoxicological Testing
3 Invertebrate Test Species
4 Ecotoxicity Tests
4.1 Acute Toxicity Tests
4.2 Chronic Toxicity Tests
4.2.1 The Survival and Reproduction Test of Ceriodaphnia dubia
4.2.2 The Reproduction Test of Daphina magna
5 Bioaccumulation
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Ecotoxicology Methods of Reservoir Water Using Fish
1 Introduction
2 Ecotoxicological Importance of Fish and Its Use in Ecotoxicity Testing
3 Fish Models
4 Fish Reservoir Ecotoxicity Tests
4.1 Acute Toxicity Tests
4.1.1 Fish Larvae Test for Acute Toxicity
4.1.2 Fish Embryo Test (FET) for Acute Toxicity
4.2 Chronic Toxicity Tests
4.2.1 Full-Life Cycle Tests
4.2.2 Partial-Life Cycle Tests
4.3 Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Tests
5 Limitations of Fish Ecotoxicity Testing
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Ecotoxicology Methodology of Sediment Toxicity in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Sediments Collection
3 Manipulations of Sediments Before Testing
4 Pathways for Pollutant Exposure
5 Test Organisms for Sediment Toxicity
5.1 Algae
5.2 Amphipods
5.3 Bivalves
6 Toxicity Endpoints
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Mesocosm Study in the Reservoir Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Use of Freshwater Mesocosms in Lakes and Reservoir Ecosystems
3 Significance of Mesocosms in Ecotoxicity Testing
4 Size and Types of Mesocosms
5 General Design of Aquatic Mesocosms
5.1 Preliminary Aspects
5.2 Mesocosm Assembly
5.3 Protocol of Mesocosm Preparation
6 Limitations
7 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Ecotoxicological Effects and Mechanism of Pollutants in the Reservoir
Chapter 13: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Heavy Metals in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Heavy Metal Pollution in the Reservoir
3 Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Reservoir´s Organisms
4 Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Heavy Metals
5 Mechanism of Heavy Metal´s Detoxification
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 POPs Mechanistic Toxicity in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR)
3 AhR Metabolism Mechanism
4 POPs Toxicogenetic Endpoints In vitro and In vivo
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Microplastics in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 MPs Distribution in the Reservoir
3 Toxicity Mechanisms of MPs
4 Combined Toxicity of MPs with Other Environmental Pollutants
5 AOPs Relevance to MPs Toxicity
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Plasticizers in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 DEHP Mechanistic Toxicity in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA)
3 Plasticizers´ Toxic Effect on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)
4 The Impairment of Thyroid and Estrogen Axes by Phthalates and BPA
4.1 Phthalates and BPA Effects on Thyroid Axis
4.2 Phthalates and BPA Effects on Estrogen Axis
5 Combined Reproductive Effects of Plasticizers
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of PPCPs in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 PPCPs Mechanistic Toxicity in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA)
3 Mechanism of Detoxification Metabolism Pathway
4 PPCPs Toxicogenetic Endpoints In vitro or In vivo
5 Computational Approaches for Toxicological Screening
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) of Pollutants in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Development of AOPs for Assessment of Water Pollutants
2.1 Bioassays Prioritization for AOPs
2.2 Design of Mechanistic Test Approaches
3 Endpoints in the AOP Framework for Risk Assessment
4 Use of the AOP for Risk Assessment of Pollutants
5 Outlook and Prospects
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Invasive Alien Species Problem in the Reservoir
1 Introduction
2 Impact of Local and Landscape Variables on Exotic Species Invasion
3 Exotic Plant Species in the TGR Region
4 Exotic Fish Species Along the TGR Region
5 Effect of Exotic Species on the Reservoir Ecosystem
6 Management of Alien Species and Implications for the Reservoir Conservation
7 Conclusion
References
Part V: Conclusions
Chapter 20: Final Thoughts and Concluding Remarks
1 Summarized Viewpoint and Conclusion
References