Research Challenges in Science, Engineering and Technology

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Evaluation and Learning Methods of Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
History of Artificial Intelligence
Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
The Golden Years-Early Enthusiasm (1956-1974)
The First AI Winter (1974-1980)
A Boom of AI (1980-1987)
The Second AI Winter (1987-1993)
The Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-2011)
Deep Learning, Big Data, and Artificial General Intelligence (2011-Present)
Components of AI
The User Interface
The Information Base
The Shell or interface Engine
Branches of Artificial Intelligence
Genetic Programming
Ontology
Epistemology
Heuristics
Benefits of Artificial Intelligence
Search and Optimization
Logic
Probabilistic Methods for Uncertain Reasoning
Classifiers and Statistical Learning Methods
Neural Networks
Optimisation
Function Optimization
Planning
Machine Learning
Neural Network
Inductive Programming
Decision Tree Learning
Data Mining
Bayesian Networks
Comparison Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
Chapter 2
Computerised Medical Image Processing
Abstract
Introduction
Objective
Background
Conclusion
Introduction
Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Medical Imaging Procedures
CT Scanners
Working
Advantages
Disadvantages
MRI Scanners
Working
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nuclear Medicine Imaging (Positron Emission Tomography)
Working
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ultrasound
Working
Advantages
Disadvantages
X-Rays
Working
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications of MRI Scan in Medical Diagnosis
Advanced Technologies for Medical Imaging Systems
Medical Imaging in the Cloud
The Future of Medical Imaging: AI, Cloud and Beyond
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
A Review on Data Driven Based Discrimination Techniques between Faults and Power Swing for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Abstract
Introduction
Support Vector Machine
Decision Tree
Random Forest
Convolutional Neural Network
Future Works
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Antimicrobial Behaviour of Substituted Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
Abstract
Introduction
Results and Discussion
IR Spectral Study
1H NMR Spectral Study
13C NMR Spectral Study
Antimicrobial Activities
Antibacterial Activities of Substituted Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketones
Antifungal Activities of Substituted Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketones
Experiment
Chemistry
Synthesis of Substituted Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketones
Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
3-Bromostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
4-Bromostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
3-Chlorostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
4-Chlorostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
3-Fluorostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
3-Hydroxystyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
2-Methoxystyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
4-Methoxystyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
3-Nitrostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Computation of Congestion Cost in Transmission Lines
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Formulation
Application of Power World Simulator in the Proposed Work
Transmission Congestion Cost Calculation
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Human Computer Interaction for Detection of Hand Gesture Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network in Machine Learning Techniques
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1.
1.1. The Importance of the User Interface
1.2. HCI with Hand Gesture
1.3. Types of HCI
2. Related Work
3. Hand Gesture Recognition Model
3.1. Convolutional Neural Network
3.2. Baseline CNN Architecture: CNN
3.3. Adapted CNN Architecture: ADCNN
3.3.1. Data Augmentation
3.4. Double-Channel (CNN)
4. 3D Convolutional Neural Networks
4.1. Video Preprocessing
4.2. Feature Learning and Classification
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Community Energy Storage: National and International Scenario - A Review
Abstract
Introduction
Community Energy Storage – International Scenario
Community Energy Storage - National Scenario
Conclusion
References
About the Authors
Chapter 8
Modelling of Multi-Input Three Level DC-DC Converter
Abstract
Introduction
Proposed Multi-Input Isolated Three-Level DC/DC Converter
Topology Description
Operation Principle
Simulink Model
Simulation Output
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
E-Learning and Beyond: The Future of Technology in Education
Abstract
Introduction
E-Learning
Online Learning Strategies for Active Learning
Recommendations
References
Chapter 10
State of Charge Estimation Techniques Using the Filter-Based and Data-Driven Approach: A Review
Abstract
Introduction
Filter Based Estimation Methods for SOC
SOC Estimation Using Kalman Filter
SOC Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filter
SOC Estimation Using Unscented Kalman Filter
Data Driven Based Estimation Methods for SOC
SOC Estimation Using Support Vector Machine (SVM)
SOC Estimation Using Neural Networks
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
NIO Feed forward Neural Networks (NIO FFNs)
NARX Feed Back Neural Networks (NARX BPNs)
Fine Tuning of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Comparative Analysis
Deep Feedforward Neural Networks (DNNs)
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
Reinforcement Learning (RL) Approach
Future Works in SOC
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11
A Superlative Set Theory for the Prediction of Diabetic Risk
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Survey
Superlative Soft Sets Rule Mining
Definition I
Illustration
Definition II
Fuzzified Dataset
Conversion of Fuzzy Sets to Superlative Sets
Reducing the Soft Set Parameters
Soft Rules Generation
Investigation Superlative Rules
Performance Evaluation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
Investigation of Boost Converter Using Enhanced Dynamic Power Factor Rectification
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Boost Converter
2.1. Method 1
2.2. Mode 2
2.3. Boost Converter Equations [5]
3. Power Loss Analysis Calculation for Boost Converter
3.1. Power Loss of Mosfet
3.2. Calculation for Power Loss of Mosfet
3.3. Power Loss of Diode
4. Power Factor Correction for Boost Converter
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
Hydrogen Fuel Cell for Automobile Industries: A Review
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Working Principle of Fuel Cell
Alkali Fuel Cell
Working
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
Working
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Working
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Working
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Working
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Membrane
Polymer Electrolytes
Proton Exchange Membrane
Advantages
Disadvantages
Comparison of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles with Battery Electric Vehicles
Based on the Mass Density
Based on the Refueling Time
Based on the Costs
Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Barriers in Commercialization of Fuel Cells
Cost of Fuel Cell
Technical Barriers
Hydrogen Infrastructure
Future Works
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 14
MediSearch: A Framework for Keyword Search on Medical Terms Related to Air Pollution
Abstract
Introduction
Air Pollution and Their Health Impacts
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Ozone
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Literature Survey
MediSearch
Row Generator
Document Generator
Algorithm 1: Document Generator Algorithm
Indexer
Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
Automatic Hibiscus Leaf Disease Detection and Classification Using Unsupervised Learning Techniques
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Survey
3. Procedure for Hibiscus Leaf Disease Detection and Classification
3.1. Image Acquisition
3.2. Image Preprocessing
3.3. Image Segmentation
3.4. Feature Extraction
3.5. Classification
4. Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
Recent Trends in Solar Energy Generation, Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Solar Energy
3. Solar Energy Project
4. Solar Photovoltaic
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
Optimized Antireflection Coatings for Higher Efficiency ZnO Solar Cell
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Nano-Crystal Solar Cell
1.2. Key Efficiency Parameters of a DSC
1.3. Key Components of the DSC
1.4. Substrates for the DSC
1.5. Ti02 as the Photoelectrode
2. Procedure for the Preparation of DSCs
2.1. Dyes for DSC Photosensitizers
3. Electrolytes for the DSC
4. The Counter Electrode
4.1. Effect of the Thickness of ZnO Photo Electrode in DSSC
5. Result and Discussion
5.1. Efficient Anti-Reflective Coating in ZnO DSSC
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18
Structural Properties of Fe Doped ZnO Nanoparticles
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction of Nanotechnology
1.1.1. Ferrite
1.1.2. Zinc Ferrite
1.1.2.1. Application of Zinc Ferrite
1.1.3. Objective of the Present Work
2. Materials and Synthesis Procedure
2.1. Characterizations Techniques
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Structural properties
3.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction
3.2.2. Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.2.3. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
Conclusion
References
Editors’ Contact Information
Index
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