This book is designed to introduce the basics of different aspects of the biology of reproduction in a concise and coherent manner. The book aims to equip students with the fundamentals of the biology of reproduction and also update them with the most recent advances in the field of reproduction. The book has been organized into 16 chapters that introduce and explain different aspects in a stimulating manner. Each chapter is supplemented with a summary and relevant illustrations. A glossary has been added to help the students to understand some important scientific terms.
The book offers comprehensive coverage of the important topics including
Flower structure and development
Development and structure of male and female gametophytes
Pollination biology, fertilization and self-incompatibility
Endosperm, embryo and polyembryony
Apomixis and seed biology
A separate topic on experimental plant reproductive biology (experimental embryology) has been provided, which includes basics of cell, tissue and organ culture, anther culture, pollen culture, flower, ovary, ovule culture, embryo culture, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seeds, protoplast culture and other aspects of plant biotechnology.
The book aims to cater to the needs of the advanced undergraduate and post-graduate students in Botany, Forestry, Agriculture and related fields.
Author(s): Arun K. Pandey
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 361
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
Historical Background
Development and Scope
Reproduction and Regeneration in Plants
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual/Vegetative Reproduction
Terminology
Embryology
Reproductive Biology
Pollen Biology
Pollen Biotechnology
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 2 Flower
Flower as a Modified Determinate Shoot
Calyx
Corolla
Androecium
Gynoecium
Organogeny of Floral Parts
Flower Development: Genetic and Molecular Aspects
Unifying Principles of Flower Development
Flowering Time Genes
Floral Organ Identity Genes
A New Addition to the ABC Model: Sepallata (SEP)
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 3 Microsporangium
Anther Wall: Structure and Functions
Ontogeny
Anther Wall Development
Anther Wall Layers
Epidermis
Endothecium
Middle Layers
Tapetum
Amoeboid tapetum
Secretory tapetum
Tapetal Membrane
Behaviour of the Nucleus in Tapetal Cells
Functions of the Tapetum
Microsporogenesis
Sporogenous Tissue
Cytokinesis
Microspore Tetrads
Massulae and Pollinaria
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 4 Male Gametophyte
Formation of Vegetative and Generative Cells
Vegetative Cell
Generative Cell
Formation of Sperm Cells
Isolation of Sperm Cells
Isolation Method
Male Germ Unit
Inheritance of Cytoplasmic Traits
Mechanism of Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Pollen Wall
Development of the Pollen Wall
Sporopollenin
Pollenkitt and Tryphine
Ubisch Bodies (Orbicules)
Pollen Development in Cyperaceae
Pollen Embryo Sacs (Nemec Phenomenon)
Pollen Grains in Aquatic Plants
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 5 Palynology
Palynology
Pollen Morphology
Pollen Polarity
Pollen Aperture
NPC System
Pollen Wall Features
LO-Analysis
Applied Palynology
Pollen Wall Proteins
Pollen Preparation: Acetolysis Method
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 6 Megasporangium
Types of Ovules
Orthotropous or Atropous
Anatropous
Campylotropous
Hemianatropous or Hemitropous
Amphitropous
Circinotropous
Development of Ovules
Integuments
Endothelium
Obturators
Micropyle
Vascular Supply to the Ovule
Nucellus
Crassinucellate
Tenuinucellate
Hypostase
Functions
Epistase
Megasporogenesis
Megaspore Haustoria
Mamelon
Naked Embryo Sac
Practical Exercises
Clearing Techniques
Procedure
Procedure
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 7 Female Gametophyte
Types of Female Gametophytes
Monosporic Embryo Sacs
Polygonum Type
Oenothera Type
Bisporic Embryo Sacs
Allium Type
Endymion Type
Tetrasporic Embryo Sacs
Adoxa Type
Plumbago Type
Penaea Type
Peperomia Type
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Type
Drusa Type
Fritillaria Type
Plumbagella Type
Mature Embryo Sac
Egg
Synergids
Central Cell
Antipodals
Ultrastructure
Egg
Synergids
Central Cell
Antipodals
Nutrition of the Embryo Sac
Extensions of the Embryo Sac
Synergids
Antipodals
Endothelium
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 8 Pollination
Anther Dehiscence
Types of Pollination
Self-Pollination
Cross-Pollination
Agencies of Cross-Pollination
Anemophily
Hydrophily
Entomophily
Ornithophily
Cheiropterophily
Breeding Systems
Adaptations for Cross-pollination
Self-sterility
Dichogamy
Hercogamy
Heterostyly
Pollination Constraints In Flowering Plants
Controlled Pollinations
Pollen Storage
Effect of Temperature and Humidity
Storage by Freezing and Dehydration
Cryogenic Storage
Use of Diluents During Storage
Organic Solvents
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 9 Fertilization
Pollen Germination
Pollen Tube Formation and Growth
Path of the Pollen Tube
Style
Solid Style
Hollow Style or Open Type
Semisolid Styles
Entry of Pollen Tube into the Ovule
Entry of Pollen Tube into the Embryo Sac
Fusion of Gametes
Fusion of Nuclei (Syngamy)
X-Bodies
Polyspermy
Persistent Pollen Tubes
Pollen Grains in the Stylar Canal and Ovary
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 10 Self-Incompatibility
Homomorphic Incompatibility
Heteromorphic Incompatibility
Classification of Self-Incompatibility
1. Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility (GSI)
2. Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility (SSI)
Genetics of Self-Incompatibility
Pollen–Pistil Interaction
Pollen Recognition
Rejection Reaction
Stigma Surface Inhibition
Stylar Inhibition
Mechanism of Inhibition
Methods of Overcoming Incompatibility
Mentor Pollen (Mixed Pollination)
Bud Pollination
Stub Pollination
Intra-ovarian and in vitro Pollination
Irradiation
High Temperature Treatment
Application of Growth Substances
Artificial Hybridization
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 11 Endosperm
Development of Endosperm
Nuclear Endosperm
Cytoplasmic Nodules
Cellular Endosperm
Helobial Endosperm
Wall Formation in Endosperm
Ruminate Endosperm
Cytology of Endosperm
Aleurone Tissue
Endosperm and Embryo Relationship
Function of Endosperm
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 12 Embryo
Zygote
Embryogeny
Embryogeny in Dicotyledons
Dicot and Monocot Embryos
Some Examples of Dicot and Monocot Embryogeny
Dicotyledons
Guizotia abyssinica (Asteraceae)
Mayaca fluviatilis (Mayacaceae)
Monocotyledons
Commelina subulata (Commelinaceae)
Triticum aestivum (Poaceae)
Embryogeny in Paeonia
Suspensor: Structure and Function
Suspensor Haustoria
Ultrastructure
Roles of the Suspensor
Chlorophyllous Embryos
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 13 Polyembryony
Types of Polyembryony
Nucellar Polyembryony
Integumentary Polyembryony
Synergid Polyembryony
Antipodal Polyembryony
Zygotic and Suspensor Polyembryony
Causes of Polyembryony
Significance of Polyembryony
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 14 Apomixis
Classification
Agamospermy
Adventitious Embryony (Sporophytic Apomixis)
Gametophytic Apomixis
Diplospory (Generative Apospory)
Apospory (Somatic Apospory)
Parthenogenesis
Origin of Apomixis
Genetic Basis of Apomixis
Embryo–Endosperm Relationship in Apomicts
Practical Applications of Apomixis
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 15 Seed
Seed Morphology
Spermoderm
Special Features
Aril
Caruncle
Elaiosome
Operculum
Jaculator
Internal Morphology of the Seed
Development of the Seed Coat
Labyrinth Seeds
Importance of Seeds
Dispersal of Seeds
Autochory (Self Dispersal)
Anemochory (Wind Dispersal)
Hydrochory (Water Dispersal)
Zoochory (Animal Dispersal)
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 16 Experimental Plant Reproductive Biology
Techniques for Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
Nutrient Medium
Callus Initiation
Aseptic Conditions
Anther Culture
Methods of Culture
Factors Affecting Androgenesis
Ontogeny of Pollen Embryoids
Pollen Culture
Techniques of Isolated Pollen Culture
Diploidization of Haploids
Significance and Uses of Haploids
Flower Culture
Ovary Culture
Ovule Culture
Nucellus Culture
Significance
Endosperm Culture
Culture of Immature Endosperm
Culture of Mature Endosperm
Culture Medium
Organogenesis in Endosperm Cultures
Applications of Endosperm Culture
Embryo Culture
Culture Requirements
Culture Techniques
Embryo-Nurse Endosperm Transplant
Culture of Proembryos
Culture of Mature Embryos
Culture of Embryonal Segments
Practical Applications
Raising Rare Hybrids
Shortening of the Breeding Cycle
Determination of Seed Viability
Propagation of Rare Plants
Haploid Production
Somatic Embryogenesis
Development of Somatic Embryos
Synthetic Seeds
Encapsulation Methods
Desiccated Coated or Non-coated Seeds
Practical Applications of Artificial Seeds
Factors Affecting Somatic Embryogenesis
1. Growth regulators:
2. Nitrogen source:
3. Potassium:
4. Dissolved oxygen:
Practical Applications of Somatic Embryogenesis
Protoplast Culture and Somatic Hybridization
Isolation of Protoplasts
Mechanical Method
Enzymatic Method
Isolation Procedure
Culture of Protoplasts
Cell Wall Formation and Division
Regeneration and Organogenesis
Somatic Hybridization
Protoplast Fusion
Selection Procedure
Cybrids
Applications of Somatic Hybridization
Proroplast Culture and Gene Transfers
Parthenocarpy
Significance of Parthenocarpy
Summary
Suggested Reading
Glossary
Subject and Plant Index
