Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds: Phylogeny, Morphology, Hormones, Fertilization (Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny, Vol 6A)

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND
PHYLOGENY OF BIRDS—Part A: • Phylogeny • Morphology • Hormones • Fertilization......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Preface to the Series......Page 6
Preface to this Volume......Page 8
Contents......Page 12
About the Series and Volume Editor......Page 14
1.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 16
1.2.1 Basal Relationships
......Page 18
1.2.3 Galloanserae
......Page 21
1.2.3.2 Relationships within Anseriformes......Page 22
1.2.4.1 Monophyly of neoavian orders......Page 23
1.2.4.2 Relationships between neoavian orders (or their monophyletic fragments)......Page 24
1.2.4.3 Relationships within neoavian orders (or their monophyletic fragments)......Page 26
1.2.4.4 Monophyly of neoavian families......Page 27
1.2.4.5 Relationships within neoavian families......Page 28
1.2.4.6 Monophyly of neoavian genera......Page 29
1.3 PASSERINES......Page 30
1.3.2 Monophyly of Passerine Families and Genera......Page 31
1.3.3 Basal Relationships within Passerines......Page 32
1.3.4.1 Furnarii......Page 34
1.3.5.3 Corvodea......Page 35
1.3.6.2 Sylvioidea
......Page 36
1.3.6.4 Muscicapoidea
......Page 38
1.3.6.5 Passeroidea
......Page 39
1.6 LITERATURE CITED
......Page 40
2.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 52
2.1.1 Testis Shape, Asymmetry and Size
......Page 53
2.1.4 The Excurrent Ducts of the Testis......Page 55
2.1.5 Blood Supply to the Reproductive Organs
......Page 56
2.2.1 The Testicular Capsule
......Page 59
2.2.3 Sertoli Cells
......Page 61
2.2.3.1 Functions of the Sertoli Cell
......Page 66
2.2.4 Interstitial Tissue of the Testis
......Page 68
2.2.4.1 The boundary (peritubular) tissue
......Page 69
2.2.4.2 The interstitium
......Page 71
2.2.4.3 The Leydig cell
......Page 74
2.3 THE EXCURRENT DUCTS OF THE TESTIS
......Page 76
2.3.1 The Rete Testis......Page 78
2.3.1.1 Surface features of the rete testis tubules/lacunae
......Page 79
2.3.1.2 The histology and ultrastructure of the rete testis cells
......Page 83
2.3.1.3 Functions of the rete testis
......Page 86
2.3.2 The Efferent Ducts (Ductuli Efferentes)
......Page 87
2.3.2.2 Histology and ultrastructure of the efferent duct epithelia
......Page 88
2.3.3.1 General organization and features
......Page 98
2.3.3.2 The ductus deferens and its modifications
......Page 100
2.3.3.4 Histology of the epididymal duct unit
......Page 102
2.3.3.5 Ultrastructure of the epididymal duct unit
......Page 105
2.4 APPENDIX EPIDIDYMIDIS
......Page 111
2.5 THE PHALLUS
......Page 113
2.6 HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
......Page 114
LITERATURE CITED
......Page 115
3.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 130
3.2 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF COPULATORY STRUCTURES
......Page 131
3.3.1 Ancestral Phalluses
......Page 135
3.3.2 Bird Phalluses
......Page 136
3.3.2.1 Palaeognathae
......Page 138
3.3.2.2 Neognathae
......Page 141
3.3.3 Bird Cloacal Protuberances and other Structures
......Page 150
3.4 ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF IOs
......Page 151
3.4.1 Natural Selection Hypotheses
......Page 152
3.4.2 Sexual Selection Hypotheses
......Page 156
3.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
......Page 158
3.7
LITERATURE CITED......Page 159
4.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 164
4.2 EARLY MULLERIAN DUCT DEVELOPMENT
......Page 165
4.3 REGRESSION OF THE RIGHT MULLERIAN DUCT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE LEFT ONE
......Page 173
4.4 THE RIGHT MULLERIAN DUCT AFTER HATCHING
......Page 179
4.5 RUDIMENTS OF MESONEPHROS AND WOLFFIAN DUCT N FEMALES AFTER HATCHING......Page 180
4.6.1 Overview
......Page 181
4.6.2 Infundibulum
......Page 183
4.6.4 Isthmus
......Page 186
4.6.6 Vagina
......Page 187
4.7 LITERATURE CITED
......Page 190
5.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 196
5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AFFECTING REPRODUCTION
......Page 197
5.2.1 The Reproductive Life History Stage and Its Organization
......Page 199
5.2.2 Classification of Environmental Signals Affecting Reproduction
......Page 201
5.3.1 Hypothalamus
......Page 202
5.3.2 Median Eminence
......Page 204
5.3.3 Hypothalamic Nuclei and Tracts
......Page 205
5.3.5 Pars Nervosa......Page 207
5.3.6 Hormones of the Pars Nervosa
......Page 208
5.4.1 Pars Distalis and Pars Tuberalis
......Page 209
5.4.3 The Hypothalamo-Adenohypophysial-Gonad Axis
......Page 212
5.5 PINEAL BODY (EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI)
......Page 217
5.6.1 Photoperiodism and Photorefractoriness
......Page 219
5.6.2 Absolute and Relative Photorefractoriness
......Page 223
5.6.3 Mechanisms Involved in the Detection and Transduction of Day Length
......Page 224
5.6.4 Physiological Mechanisms that have been suggested to be Involved in the Control of Photorefractoriness
......Page 227
5.7.2 Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH)
......Page 231
5.7.3 Relative Distributions of GnIH and GnRH
......Page 234
5.7.4 Actions of GnTH on Gonadotropin Synthesis and Release in Galliformes
......Page 235
5.7.5 Seasonal Dynamics and Functional Significance of GnIH in Passeriness
......Page 236
5.7.6 Regulation of GnIH Expression in the Brain
......Page 237
5.10 LITERATURE CITED
......Page 238
6.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 258
6.2 OVARY MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
......Page 259
6.2.1 Development and Asymmetry
......Page 260
6.2.2 Primordial Germ Cells, Migration and Proliferation During Early Embryogenesis
......Page 262
6.2.3 Sexual Maturation
......Page 264
6.2.4 Seasonal Reproduction
......Page 265
6.2.5 Opportunistic Breeders
......Page 266
6.2.6 Reproductive Aging and Ovarian Senescence
......Page 267
6.2.7 Vascularization and Nervous Innervation of the Ovary
......Page 268
6.3 STEROIDOGENESIS AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS MEDIATING FOLLICLE GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION
......Page 269
6.3.1 Primordial and Primary Follicles
......Page 270
6.3.2 Prehierachal Follides
......Page 271
6.3.2.1 Granutosas and theca cells
......Page 272
6.3.2.2 Follicle selection into the preovulatory hierarchy
......Page 273
6.3.3.1 Preovulatory follicles
......Page 274
6.3.3.2 Preovulatory follicle granulosa and theca cells
......Page 278
6.3.3.3 Ovulation and postovulatory follicle
......Page 279
6.3.4 Follicle Atresia
......Page 280
6.3.4.1 Avian follicle atresia
......Page 281
6.3.4.2 Apoptosis as modulator of ovarian function and as a proximal cause of follicle atresia
......Page 282
6.3.5 Avian Clock Genes and Reproduction
......Page 285
6.5
LITERATURE CITED......Page 286
7.2.1 Spermatogonia
......Page 294
7.2.2.3 Round spermatids
......Page 296
7.3.1 Spermiogenesis in Non-passerine Birds
......Page 297
7.3.2 Spermiogenesis in Passerine Birds
......Page 312
7.4 SPERMIATION
......Page 315
7.5 KINETICS OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN BIRDS
......Page 316
7.5.1 Wave of the Seminiferous Epithelium
......Page 320
7.5.2 Duration of Spermatogenesis
......Page 326
7.6 RESPONSE OF BIRDS TO REPRODUCTIVE DEMANDS ON THE TESTIS
......Page 327
7.7 TESTICULAR CYCLES
......Page 330
7.8.1 Photoperiodism
......Page 331
7.8.1.1.1 Food availability
......Page 333
7.9 CYCLICAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TESTIS
......Page 334
7.9.2 Structural Changes in the Testes of Sexually Mature Birds
......Page 335
7.10 CYCLICAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE EXCURRENT DUCTS OF THE TESTIS......Page 342
7.10.1 The Reproductive (Active Secretory/Culmination) Phase......Page 343
7.10.3 Refractory (Resting) Phase
......Page 344
7.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
......Page 348
7.12 LITERATURE CITED
......Page 349
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 364
8.2.2 Amniote Spermatozoal Synapomorphies
......Page 365
8.3 SPERMATOZOA OF CROCODYLIA
......Page 369
8.4 SPERMATOZOA OF AVES–INTRODUCTION
......Page 370
8.5 NEORNITHES
......Page 372
8.6 PALAEOGNATHAE
......Page 373
8.6.1.2 Overview of struthioniform spermatozoa
......Page 375
8.6.1.3 Struthio comelus
......Page 380
8.6.1.4 Rhea americana albisceus
......Page 386
8.6.1.5 Dromaius novaehollandiae
......Page 389
8.6.2.1 Eudromia elegans
......Page 392
8.8.1.1 Gollus gollus (=domesticus)
......Page 398
8.8.1.2 Coturnix japonica
......Page 402
8.8.1.3 Coturnix chinensis......Page 407
8.8.1.4 Meleagris gallopavo
......Page 411
8.8.1.5 Tragopan Caboti
......Page 415
8.8.1.6 Numida meleagris
......Page 416
8.8.2.1 Anas platyrhynchos......Page 420
8.9 METAVES
......Page 425
8.9.1.1 Apus (=Cypselus) apus
......Page 426
8.9.1.2 Apus melba
......Page 428
8.9.2.1 Caprimulgus europaeus
......Page 430
8.9.3 Order Columbiformes
......Page 433
8.10.1.1 Melanerpes carolinus
......Page 438
8.10.4 Order Cuculiformes
......Page 441
8.10.5 Order Psittaciformes
......Page 443
8.10.5.1 Melopsittacus undulatus
......Page 444
8.10.5.2 Nymphicus hollandicus, Platycercus elegans, Agapornis roseicollis
......Page 449
8.10.6.2 Grus vipio
......Page 453
8.10.7.1 Constituent families
......Page 455
8.10.7.2 Jacana jacana
......Page 457
8.10.8 Order Falconiformes
......Page 458
8.10.9.1 Suborder Tyranni (Suboscines), Parvorder Tyrannida
......Page 459
8.10.9.3 Tyrannus verticalis
......Page 461
8.10.10.1 Introduction to oscine sperm ultrastructure
......Page 462
8.10.11.1 Taxa investigated
......Page 471
8.10.11.2 Corvus splendens......Page 473
8.10.11.6 Vireo
......Page 476
8.10.12.1 Introduction
......Page 478
8.10.12.3 Turdus migratorius
......Page 482
8.10.12.4 Turdus merula
......Page 483
8.10.12.5 Muscicapidae, Mymecocichla formicivora
......Page 487
8.10.12.6 Sturnidae, Sturnus vulgaris......Page 488
8.10.12.7 Sylvioidea, Hirundinidae, Petrochelidon, Hirundo, Riparia, Iridoprocne and Sylviidae
......Page 492
8.10.12.9 Passeroidea, Thraupidae, Piranga rubra
......Page 493
8.10.12.10 Passeroidea, Passeridae, Passer domesticus......Page 494
8.10.12.12 Passer diffusus
......Page 495
8.10.12.13 Ploceidae, Philetairus socius......Page 498
8.10.12.14 Paridae, Parus bicolor, P. major and Cyanistes caeruleus
......Page 500
8.10.12.15 Icteridae, Icterus galbula, Agelaius phoeniceus, Molothru
s ater, and Quiscalus quiscula......Page 501
8.10.12.16 Emberizidae, Cardinalis cardinalis and Emberiza spp.......Page 503
8.10.12.17 Fringillidae
......Page 505
8.11 PHYLOGENETIC SUMMARY OF AVIAN SPERMATOZOA......Page 508
8.12 CONCLUSION
......Page 517
8.14 LITERATURE CITED
......Page 518
9.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 528
9.2.1 Location and Number of Testes......Page 529
9.2.2 Asymmetry in Testis Size
......Page 532
9.2.3 Sperm Production and Testis Size
......Page 534
9.2.4 Seasonal Change in Testis Size
......Page 536
9.2.6 Age-related Changes in Testis Size......Page 538
9.2.7 Geographic Variation in Testis Size......Page 540
9.2.8 Testis Size and Mating System
......Page 542
9.2.9 Costs of Large Testis Size......Page 546
9.3.1 The Avian Spermatozoon......Page 547
9.3.2 Variation in Sperm Size
......Page 548
9.3.3 Sexual Selec
tion and Sperm Morphology......Page 549
9.3.4 Costs of Large Sperm Size......Page 554
9.2.5 Other Explanations for Diversity in Sperm Morphology
......Page 555
9.4 SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
......Page 556
9.6 LITERATURE CITED
......Page 558
10.1 INTRODUCTION
......Page 568
10.2.1 The Inner Perivitelline Layer......Page 569
10.3 OVIDUCTAL SPERM SELECTION, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
......Page 572
10.4.1 Site of Fertilization
......Page 576
10.4.3 Sperm-Inner Perivitelline Layer Interaction......Page 577
10.4.3.1 Molecular aspects of sperm-inner perivitelline layer interaction
......Page 580
10.4.3.3 Species specificity in sperm-inner perivitelline layer interaction
......Page 583
10.4.3.4 Praferential attraction of sperm to the inner perivitelline layer over the germinal disc
......Page 584
10.4.4 The Outer Perivitelline Layer and its Role in Blocking Excessive Polyspermy
......Page 585
10.4.6 Formation of Pronuclei and Syngamy......Page 587
10.5 POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF DNASES IN LATE CYTOPLASMIC BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY
......Page 588
10.6 IS POLYSPERMIC FERTILIZATION IN BIRDS OBLIGATORY?
......Page 591
10.7.1 Artificial Insemination
......Page 592
10.7.2 In vitro Fertilization
......Page 593
10.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
......Page 594
10.9 LITERATURE CITED......Page 595
Index
......Page 604