Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

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Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
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Contents
Contributors
Editors biographies
Series editor biography
Preface to the series
Chapter 1: Composite materials: Concept, recent advancements, and applications
1. Introduction
1.1. Composites
1.1.1. Metal matrix composites (MMCs)
1.1.2. Polymer matrix composites (PMCs)
1.1.3. Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs)
1.1.4. Reinforcement of composites
1.2. The rule of mixture
1.3. Renewable polymers for metal oxide-reinforced composites
2. Experimental characterization of composites
2.1. Chemical properties
2.2. Thermal properties
2.3. Optical properties
2.4. Biochemical properties
2.5. Electrical properties
2.6. Thermomechanical properties
3. Structural analysis of composites
3.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
3.3. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
3.4. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
3.5. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
3.6. X-ray studies
4. Mechanical properties of composites
4.1. Strength
4.2. Modulus
4.3. Hardness and wear resistance
4.4. Fatigue
5. Metal matrix composites
5.1. Materials for MMCs
5.2. Consolidation and shaping of MMCs
5.3. Advantages and disadvantages of MMCs over PMCs
5.3.1. Advantages of MMCs over PMCs
5.3.2. Disadvantages of MMCs over PMCs
5.4. Application of MMCs
6. Isotropic vs. anisotropic material properties
7. Composites modeling
7.1. Analytical models
7.1.1. ROM and Voigt-Reuss bounds
7.1.2. Hashin-Shtrikman model
7.1.3. Halpin-Tsai model
7.1.4. Hui-Shia model
7.2. Numerical models
7.2.1. Molecular dynamic model
7.2.2. Finite element model (FEM)
RVE model
Unit cell model
Object-oriented model
8. Application of metal oxide-reinforced renewable polymer composites
9. Future aspects and conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Manganese oxides/polyaniline composites as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of electrochemical ORR
2.1. Mechanism
2.2. Thermodynamics and kinetics
3. Electrocatalysts for ORR
4. Synthesis of MnxOy/PAni composites
4.1. MnxOy
4.2. PAni
4.3. MnxOy/PAni composites
5. Electrocatalytic activity of MnxOy/PAni composites toward ORR
5.1. MnO2/PAni composite
5.2. MnxOy/PAni hybrid shells
5.3. Effect of microstates of MnO2 on ORR
6. Concluding remarks and future prospects
References
Chapter 3: Traditional and recently advanced synthetic routes of the metal oxide materials
1. Introduction
2. Metal oxide materials
3. Historical background
4. Prospective advancement in the synthesis
4.1. A brief history of the hydrothermal/solvothermal technique
5. Novel solution routes
5.1. Soft solution processing
5.1.1. Hydrothermal
5.1.2. Solvothermal
5.1.3. Supercritical hydrothermal
6. Conclusions and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Design and synthesis of metal oxide-polymer composites
1. Polymer composites
2. Design of metal oxide-polymer composites
3. Synthesis of metal oxide-polymer composites
3.1. Blending
3.2. Sol-gel process
3.3. In situ polymerization
4. Properties of metal oxide-polymer composites
4.1. Mechanical properties
4.2. Thermal properties
4.3. Electrical properties
4.4. Optical properties
4.5. Magnetic properties
4.6. Barrier and antibacterial properties
5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Medical applications of polymer/functionalized nanoparticle composite systems, renewable polymers, and polymer ...
1. Introduction
2. Properties of ceramic and biopolymers
2.1. Bioceramic materials
2.1.1. Hydroxyapatite
2.1.2. Calcium phosphate
2.1.3. Bioactive glass
2.2. Biopolymers
2.2.1. Polysaccharides
2.2.1.1. Gellan gum
2.2.1.2. Alginate
2.2.1.3. Chitosan
2.2.1.4. Arabinoxylan
2.2.1.5. Bacterial cellulose
2.2.1.6. Carrageenan
2.2.2. Glycosaminoglycan
2.2.2.1. Hyaluronic acid
2.2.2.2. Chondroitin sulfate
2.2.2.3. Dermatan sulfate
2.2.2.4. Heparin
2.2.3. Proteins
2.2.3.1. Silk fibroin
2.2.3.2. Collagen and gelatin
3. Requirements for BTE
3.1. Swelling
3.2. Porosity
3.3. Mechanical strength
3.4. Biodegradation
3.5. Protein adhesion
3.6. Biomineralization
3.7. Manufacturing technology
3.8. Scaffold architecture
4. Fabrication composite biomaterials scaffold
4.1. Phase separation
4.2. Solvent casting and particulate-leaching
4.3. Foam replica method
4.4. Gas foaming
4.5. Freeze-drying
4.6. Rapid prototyping
4.7. Electrospinning
5. Conclusion and future directions
References
Chapter 6: Polymer-MoS2-metal oxide composite: An eco-friendly material for wastewater treatment
1. Introduction
2. Structure and mechanism
2.1. Structure
2.2. Mechanism
3. Applications
3.1. Degradation of dyes
3.2. Removal of heavy metals
3.3. Degradation of pharmaceutical contaminants
3.4. Degradation of organic pollutants
3.5. Photocatalytic disinfection
3.6. Polymer-supported MoS2 composites and their applications in water treatment
4. Reliability
5. Conclusion and outlook
References
Chapter 7: Metal oxide-conducting polymer-based composite electrodes for energy storage applications
1. Introduction
2. Supercapacitor
3. Types of supercapacitors
3.1. Electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs)
3.2. Pseudocapacitors
3.2.1. Types of pseudocapacitive behavior
3.2.1.1. Underpotential deposition (UPD)
3.2.1.2. Redox reactions
3.2.1.3. Intercalation pseudocapacitance
4. Hybrid supercapacitor (HBS)
4.1. Symmetric supercapacitor
4.2. Asymmetric supercapacitor
5. Metal oxide/polymer materials for supercapacitor applications
5.1. Conducting polymers (CPs)
5.1.1. Polyaniline (PANI)
5.1.2. Polypyrrole (PPy)
5.1.3. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)
5.2. Manganese oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
5.3. Ruthenium oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
5.4. Copper oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
5.5. Cobalt oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
5.6. Molybdenum oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
5.7. Strontium oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
5.8. Titanium oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
5.9. Vanadium oxide/polymer-based supercapacitors
6. Comparison of different metal oxide/polymer-based composites
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Synthesis and properties of percolative metal oxide-polymer composites
1. Introduction
2. Properties of metal oxide nanostructures
3. Synthesis techniques of metal oxides
3.1. Solid-state reaction technique
3.1.1. Step-I: Raw precursor materials
3.1.2. Step-II: Calcination
3.1.3. Step-III: Grinding and pelletization
3.1.4. Step-IV: Sintering
3.2. Sol-gel method
3.3. Combustion method
3.4. Hydrothermal method
4. Percolation theory
5. Polymer-metal oxide nanocomposites
6. Properties of conductive filler-based percolative polymer composites
6.1. Dielectric properties
6.2. AC electrical conductivity
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9: Polymer-metal oxide composite as sensors
1. Introduction
2. Sensing by materials based on polymer and metal oxides
2.1. Sensors from overview perspective
2.2. Sensors based on polymer-metal oxide composites
3. Fabrication methods
3.1. Spray coating methods
3.2. Dip coating
3.3. Spin coating
4. Specific sensing applications by polymer-metal oxide composites
4.1. Gas sensors
4.2. Humidity sensors
4.3. Temperature sensor
4.4. Organic molecules sensors
5. Conclusions and remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Production of bio-cellulose from renewable resources: Properties and applications
1. Introduction
2. Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose
3. BC production from renewable resources
3.1. BC production from agricultural waste materials
3.2. Brewery industrial wastes
3.3. BC production from cheap sources
3.4. BC production from vegetables
4. Application of bacterial cellulose
4.1. Medical and pharmaceutical applications
4.1.1. Wound healing
4.1.2. Ophthalmic scaffolds and contact lenses
4.1.3. Bone, cartilage, and connective tissue repair
4.2. Industrial applications of BC composites
4.2.1. Food and food packaging applications
4.2.2. Sensors
4.2.3. Separation membranes
4.2.4. Optical materials
4.2.5. Energy storage
5. Conclusions and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Polymer-metal oxide composites from renewable resources for agricultural and environmental applications
1. Introduction
2. Sustainable polymers
2.1. Economic aspects
2.2. Environmental aspects
2.3. Social aspects
3. Biomass: A renewable resource for the making of polymers
4. Polymer for agricultural and environmental applications
5. Polymer-metal-oxide composites for agricultural applications
6. Polymer-metal-oxide composites for environmental applications
7. Conclusions and remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Polysaccharides-metal oxide composite: A green functional material
1. Introduction
2. Cellulose-metal oxide composites
2.1. Bacterial cellulose-metal oxide composites
2.2. Cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers metal oxide composites
3. Chitin/chitosan-metal oxide composites
4. Alginate-metal oxide composites
5. Lignocellulosic-metal oxide composites
6. Starch-metal oxide composites
7. Agar-metal oxide composites
8. Pectin-metal oxide composites
9. Methods for composite synthesis
9.1. Electrospinning
9.2. Film casting
9.3. Dip coating
9.4. Layer by layer assembly
9.5. Thermo-physico-mechanical casting and drying
10. Applications
10.1. Food packaging
10.2. As an adsorbent material for removal of contaminants
10.3. Biomedical applications
11. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Recent advances in renewable polymer/metal oxide systems used for tissue engineering
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Renewable materials
3.1. Natural polymers
3.1.1. Polysaccharides
Chitosan/chitin
Starch
Hyaluronic acid
Alginate
3.1.2. Proteins
Collagen
Gelatin
Synthetic polypeptides
Silk
3.1.3. Microbial biopolymers
Poly(lactic acid)
Poly-(-glutamic acid)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Bacterial cellulose
Dextran
4. Techniques for the preparation scaffolds
4.1. Solvent casting and particulate leaching
4.2. Thermally induced phase separation
4.3. Emulsion freeze-drying
4.4. Electrospinning
4.5. 3D bioprinting
4.6. Melt mixing
5. Modification of renewable polymers
5.1. Chemical modification
5.2. Blending natural polymers
5.3. Blending natural and synthetic polymers
5.4. Cross-linking approach
6. Metal oxides for tissue engineering
6.1. Silver/gold
6.2. Zinc oxide
6.3. Titanium dioxide
6.4. Iron oxides
6.5. Aluminum oxides
6.6. Zirconium oxides
7. Metal oxide cytotoxicity
8. Conclusions and prospects
References
Chapter 14: Lignin-metal oxide composite for photocatalysis and photovoltaics
1. Introduction
2. Lignin
2.1. Sources of lignin
2.2. Physical properties associated with the chemical structure of lignin
2.3. Classification of lignin
2.4. Extraction process of lignin
2.4.1. Pretreatment methods for lignin isolation
2.4.2. Analytical-scale process
Milled wood lignin (MWL) process
Cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) process
Enzymatic mild acidolysis lignin (EMAL) process
2.4.3. Industrial process
Kraft process
Sulfite process
Soda process
Organosolv process
2.5. Characterization techniques of lignin
2.5.1. Molecular weight determination by HPLC
2.5.2. UV spectroscopy
2.5.3. FTIR spectroscopy
2.5.4. Raman spectroscopy
2.5.5. NMR spectroscopy
2.5.6. Thermal property analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
2.6. Application of lignin
2.6.1. Valorization of lignin into high-value chemicals
2.6.2. Lignin as precursor for carbon material
2.7. Drawbacks of the application of lignin
2.7.1. Recovery from products stream
2.7.2. Purification of lignin
2.7.3. Nonuniform structure
2.7.4. Exceptional reactivity
3. Lignin-based metal oxide composite preparation methods
3.1. Incipient wetness impregnation method
3.2. Template method
3.3. Coprecipitation method
3.4. pH-assisted precipitation method
3.5. Solvent evaporation method
3.6. Cocalcination method
3.7. Solid-phase synthesis method
3.8. One-pot in situ method
4. Lignin-based metal oxide composites in photocatalysis and photovoltaics
4.1. General idea of photocatalysis and photovoltaics
4.2. Approaches to increase the performances of metal oxide composites in photocatalysis and photovoltaics
4.3. Lignin-based metal oxide composites in photocatalysis and photovoltaics
4.3.1. Lignin-TiO2 composite
4.3.2. Lignin-ZnO composite
4.3.3. Lignin-CuO composites
4.3.4. Lignin-CuO/ZnO composites
4.3.5. Lignin-based porous carbon-CeO2 composites
4.3.6. Sodium lignosulfonate-functionalized MWNTs/SnO2 hybrids
4.4. Mechanism of interaction between lignin and semiconductor
5. Application of lignin-based metal oxide composites
5.1. Application of lignin-metal oxide composite materials in photocatalysis
5.2. Application of lignin-metal oxide composite materials in photovoltaic
5.3. Environmental and economic aspects of lignin-metal oxide composites
5.4. Future prospects of photocatalyst and photovoltaics using lignin-based metal oxides
6. Conclusion
References
Index
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