Renewable Hydrogen Production

Front Cover
Renewable Hydrogen Production
Renewable Hydrogen Production
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Nomenclature
1 - Introduction
1.1 Fuels Utilization
1.2 Hydrogen Properties and Sustainable Development
1.3 Hydrogen Storage
1.4 Hydrogen Infrastructure, Transportation, and Distribution
1.5 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Applications
1.5.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
1.5.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
1.5.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
1.5.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells
1.5.5 Ammonia Fuel Cells
1.6 Closing Remarks
2 - Hydrogen Production Methods
2.1 Conventional Hydrogen Production Methods
2.1.1 Natural Gas Reforming
2.1.2 Coal Gasification
2.2 Renewable Hydrogen Production Methods
2.2.1 Solar Energy
2.2.2 Wind Energy
2.2.3 Geothermal Energy
2.2.4 Hydro Energy
2.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
2.2.6 Biomass Gasification
2.3 Other Hydrogen Production Methods
2.3.1 Nuclear Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
2.3.2 Aluminum-Based Hydrogen Production
2.3.3 Plasma Reactor-Based Hydrogen Production
2.3.4 Ammonia Cracking for Hydrogen Production
2.3.5 Ultrasonic-Based Hydrogen Production
2.3.6 Chlor-Alkali Electrochemical Process
2.3.7 Biological Hydrogen Production
2.4 Thermochemical Cycles
2.5 Electrolysis
2.5.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer
2.5.2 Solid Oxide Electrolyzer
2.5.3 Alkaline Electrolyzer
2.6 Closing Remarks
3 - Solar Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
3.1 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production
3.2 Photonic Hydrogen Production
3.3 Solar Photovoltaic Energy
3.3.1 Case Study 1
3.3.2 Case Study 2
3.4 Solar Thermal Energy
3.5 Solar Thermal Collector
3.6 Photocatalysis
3.7 Thermolysis
3.8 Solar Heliostat
3.8.1 Case Study 3
Solar heliostat field
3.9 Closing Remarks
4 - Wind Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
4.1 Working Principle and Advantages of Wind Energy
4.2 Types of Wind Turbines
4.2.1 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
4.2.2 Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
4.3 Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines
4.4 Wind Turbine Configuration
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Anemometer
Blades
Brake
Controller
Gearbox
Generator
High-Speed Shaft
Low-Speed Shaft
Nacelle
Pitch
Rotor
Tower
Wind Vane
Yaw Motor
Yaw Drive
4.5 Wind Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
4.5.1 Wind Turbine Thermodynamic Analysis
Energy analysis
Exergy analysis
4.5.2 Case Study 4
Wind turbine farm analysis
PEM electrolyzer and fuel cell
Performance assessment
Sensitivity analyses
4.6 Closing Remarks
5 - Geothermal Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
5.1 Geothermal Energy Advantages and Disadvantages
5.1.1 Advantages
Environment friendly
Renewable nature
Massive potential
Sustainable development
Suitability for cooling and heating
Reliability
No fuel requirement
Quick evolution
5.1.2 Disadvantages
Environmental issues
Surface instability (earthquakes)
Expensive
Location specific
Sustainability issues
5.2 Geothermal Power Plants
5.3 Types of Geothermal Power Plants
5.3.1 Dry Steam Power Plants
5.3.2 Flash Steam Power Plants
5.3.3 Binary Cycle Power Plants
5.4 Geothermal Heat Pumps
5.5 Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps
5.5.1 Closed-Loop Systems
Horizontal
Vertical
Pond/lake
5.5.2 Open-Loop System
5.5.3 Hybrid Systems
5.6 Flashing Types of Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plants with Reinjection
5.6.1 Single-Flash Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plant
5.6.2 Double-Flash Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plant
5.6.3 Triple-Flash Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plant
5.7 Case Study 5
5.7.1 Description
5.7.2 Analysis
Flash Chamber
Separator
Turbine
Generator
Condenser
Performance Assessment
5.7.3 Results and Discussion
5.8 Closing Remarks
6 - Hydro Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
6.1 Working Principle
6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydro Energy
6.2.1 Advantages of Hydro Energy
Renewable energy source
Contribution in remote community development
Clean energy source
Sustainable development
Cost competitive
Recreational opportunities
6.2.2 Disadvantages of Hydropower
Environmental impact
Flood risks
High upfront capital costs
Methane and carbon dioxide emissions
Conflicts
Droughts
6.3 Classification of Hydropower Plants
6.4 Hydroelectric Turbine and Generator
6.4.1 Hydroelectric Power Plant and Pumped Storage
6.5 Types of Hydropower Turbines
6.5.1 Impulse Turbine
Pelton
Cross-flow
6.5.2 Reaction Turbine
Kaplan
Francis
6.6 Hydropower-Based Hydrogen Production
6.6.1 Modeling of Single Penstock
6.6.2 Surge Tank Modeling
6.6.3 Wave Travel Time
6.6.4 Head Loss Coefficient
6.7 Closing Remarks
7 - Ocean Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
7.1 Ocean Energy Productions Steps
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Wind Blows Create Waves
Waves Approach Land
Waves Encounter Machines
Machines Converting Waves into Electricity
Electricity Provided to the Grid
Electricity Used for Hydrogen Production
7.2 Ocean Energy Conversion
7.2.1 Types of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems
7.2.2 Wave Power Generation
7.3 Ocean Energy Devices and Designs
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Point Absorber Buoy
Surface Attenuator
Oscillating Water Column
Overtopping Device
Wave Carpet
Oscillating Wave Surge Converter
7.4 Types of Ocean Energy
7.4.1 Ocean Thermal Energy
Working principle
7.4.2 Osmotic Power
7.4.3 Tides and Currents
Tidal barrage
Dynamic tidal power
Tidal current turbine
7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages
7.5.1 Advantages of Ocean Energy
Renewable
Environment friendly
Abundant and extensively available
Variety of methods to extract
Predictable
Less dependence on foreign oil
No land damage
Reliable
Huge energy amounts can be generated
Offshore wave-power harnessing
7.5.2 Disadvantages of Ocean Energy
Locations suitability
Effect on ecosystem
Source of disturbance
Wavelength
Weak rough weather performance
Visual and noise pollution
Production costs
7.6 Case Study 6
7.6.1 System Description
7.6.2 Analysis
Boiler
Turbine
Condenser
Pump
PEM electrolyzer
Performance assessment
7.6.3 Results and Discussion
7.7 Closing Remarks
8 - Biomass Energy-Based Hydrogen Production
8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy
8.1.1 Advantages
Renewable
Carbon neutral
Less fossil fuels dependency
Versatile
Availability
Low comparative cost than fossil fuels
Waste reduction
Domestic production
8.1.2 Disadvantages
Not entirely clean
High comparative cost
Possible deforestation
Space
Water requirement
Inefficiencies
Under development
8.2 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Resource
8.2.1 Biomass Feedstocks
Devoted energy crops
Forestry residues
Agricultural residues
Animal waste
Algae
Sorted municipal waste
Wood processing residues
Wet waste
Wood wastes
Wood wastes
Municipal solid wastes and sewage
Municipal solid wastes and sewage
Industrial wastes
Industrial wastes
8.2.2 Types of Biomass-Based Hydrogen Production Methods
8.3 Pyrolysis
8.3.1 Types of Pyrolysis Reactions
Slow pyrolysis
Flash pyrolysis
Fast pyrolysis
8.3.2 Advantages
8.3.3 Applications of Pyrolysis
8.4 Biomass Gasification
8.4.1 Biomass Power to Hydrogen
8.5 Types of Gasifiers
8.5.1 Counter Current or Updraught Gasifier
8.5.2 Cocurrent or Downdraught Gasifiers
8.5.3 Fluidized Bed Gasifier
8.5.4 Cross-Draught Gasifier
8.5.5 Entrained-Flow Gasifier
8.6 Case Study 7
8.6.1 System Description
8.6.2 Analysis and Assessment
Biomass gasification unit
Yield reactor C1
Gasification reactor C2
Turbine C3
Heat exchanger C4
Separator C5
Heat exchanger C10
Heater C13
Water–gas shift reaction C14
Separator C15
Performance indicator
8.6.3 Results and Discussion
8.7 Closing Remarks
9 - Integrated Systems for Hydrogen Production
9.1 Status of Integrated Energy Systems
9.1.1 Integrated Energy Systems for Buildings
9.1.2 Integrated Energy Systems for Hydrogen
9.2 Significance of Integrated Energy Systems
9.2.1 Efficient Energy Utilization
9.2.2 Sustainable Energy Supply
Power-to-gas
Power-to-heat
Battery storage
9.2.3 Energy Independence
9.2.4 Grid Quality
9.2.5 Global Climate Support
9.3 Case Study 8
9.3.1 System Description
9.3.2 Analysis
Solar Heliostat Field
Solar-Assisted Rankine Cycle
Pump C1
Pump C1
Heat exchanger C2
Heat exchanger C2
Steam turbine C3
Steam turbine C3
Thermochemical Cu–Cl Cycle
Hydrolysis reactor C7
Hydrolysis reactor C7
Thermolysis reactor C10
Thermolysis reactor C10
Electrolysis reactor C14
Electrolysis reactor C14
Separator C15
Separator C15
Heater C16
Heater C16
Dryer C17
Dryer C17
Absorption Cooling System
Generator
Generator
Condenser
Condenser
Throttling valve
Throttling valve
Evaporator
Evaporator
Absorber
Absorber
Pump
Pump
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger
Performance Assessment
9.3.3 Results and Discussion
9.4 Case Study 9
9.4.1 System Description
9.4.2 Analysis
Heat exchanger C1
High-pressure turbine C2
Heat exchanger C3
Low-pressure turbine C4
Heater C16
Pump C6
Flash chamber
Separator
Turbine
Generator
Condenser
Performance assessment
9.4.3 Results and Discussion
9.5 Case Study 10
9.5.1 System Description
9.5.2 Analysis
Biomass gasification unit
Performance indicator
9.5.3 Results and Discussion
9.6 Closing Remarks
10 - Conclusions and Future Directions
10.1 Conclusions
10.2 Future Directions
References
Appendix
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
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