Renewable Fuels for Sustainable Mobility

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I General
1 Introduction to Renewable Fuels for Sustainable Mobility
References
Part II Renewable Fuel Applications
2 Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils for Compression Ignition Engines—The Way Toward a Sustainable Transport
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Production and Properties of HVO
2.3 Environmental Impact of HVO
2.4 Application of HVO to CI Engines
2.4.1 Spray Characteristics
2.5 Combustion and Emissions Characteristics
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 DME as a Green Fuel for Transport Sector
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Challenges for Compression Ignition (CI) Engines
3.3 Alternative Fuel Scenario
3.4 DME: An Alternative Fuel
3.5 DME: Production Routes
3.6 DME: Health, Environmental and Safety Effects
3.7 Properties of DME
3.8 Advantages and Challenges of DME
3.9 Engine Hardware Modifications for DME Adaptation
3.10 DME Fuelled Vehicle Development Projects
3.10.1 DME FIE Development for Heavy-Duty Trucks
3.10.2 DME FIE Development for City Bus
3.10.3 DME FIE Development for Engines
3.11 Combustion Characteristics of DME
3.11.1 In-Cylinder Pressure and RoPR
3.11.2 HRR and CHR
3.11.3 IMEP
3.11.4 Ignition Delay and Combustion Phasing
3.11.5 Fuel Line Pressure, Injection Duration and Injection Delay
3.12 Emission Characteristics of DME
3.12.1 Regulated Emissions
3.12.2 Unregulated Emissions
3.12.3 Particulates
3.12.4 Trace Metals
3.13 Conclusions
3.14 Future Scope
References
4 Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Oxygenated Alternative Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fuel Properties of Oxygenated Alternative Fuels
4.3 Combustion and Performance of Oxygenated Fuels
4.4 Exhaust Emissions Characteristics of Oxygenated Fuels
4.5 Summary
References
5 Functional Use-Based Positioning of Conventional Vehicles in Conjunction with Alternate Low-Emission Fuels
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Understanding the Vehicles on Indian Roads
5.3 ICE-Based Fuels for Consideration
5.4 Methods for Assessment
5.5 4A-Assessment of ICE-Based Fuels
5.5.1 Natural Gas
5.5.2 Auto-Gas or LPG
5.5.3 Hydrogen
5.6 Evaluation of Global Experiences
5.6.1 CNG in Argentina
5.6.2 LNG in China
5.6.3 Auto-Gas in Turkey
5.6.4 Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)/Biofuels in Brazil
5.6.5 Biodiesel from Indonesia
5.6.6 Hydrogen (in ICE-Based Vehicle Commercial Pilot Projects) from the World
5.7 Pairing of Fuels and Vehicles
5.7.1 Two-Wheeler (2W) Segment
5.7.2 Three-Wheeler (3W) Segment
5.7.3 Four-Wheeler Passenger (4W-P) Segment
5.7.4 Four-Wheeler Non-Passenger (4W-NP) Segment
5.7.5 Heavy Vehicle—Bus (HV-B) Segment
5.7.6 Heavy Vehicle—Municipality (HV-M) Segment
5.7.7 Heavy Vehicle—Agriculture (HV-A) Segment
5.7.8 Heavy Vehicle—Construction (HV-C) Segment
5.7.9 Freight Vehicle (FV) Segment
5.8 Lessons for India from the Global Experiences
5.8.1 Long-Term Availability of the Resources for Alternate Fuel
5.8.2 Impetus from the Government for Adoption of Alternate Fuels
5.8.3 Vital Role of Regulations, Policy Guidelines, Standards, and Institutions
5.8.4 Sustained Promotion of the Ecosystem in Place in the Face of Challenges
5.8.5 Substantial and Continued Investment in the Research and Development (R&D)
5.8.6 Creation of ‘Economies of Scale’ Through Product Diversification and Privatization
5.8.7 Price Parity to Encourage the Spontaneous Adoption by the Consumer
5.8.8 Changing Consumer Behaviour with Respect to Long-Term Adoption of New Eco-System
5.9 Conclusion
References
6 Strategies for Efficient Utilization of Methanol in Compression Ignition Engines
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methanol Injection Strategy in CI Engines
6.2.1 Direct Mixture
6.2.2 Fumigation
6.2.3 Direct Injection
6.3 Modifications in CI Engines
6.3.1 Fuel-Injection System
6.3.2 Cold Start
6.3.3 Material Compatibility
6.3.4 Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) for Methanol-Fueled Compression Ignition (CI) Engines
6.4 Methanol Engine Characteristics in CI Engine
6.4.1 Methanol Performance Characteristics in CI Engines
6.4.2 Methanol Combustion Characteristics in CI Engines
6.4.3 Methanol Emission Characteristics in CI Engine
6.5 Summary and Future Scope
References
7 The Impact of Renewable Fuels and Fuel Additives (Dodecanol) on Particulate Mass Emission for Sustainable Mobility
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure
7.3 Results
7.4 Conclusions
References
8 A Bibliometric Review of Alcohol–Diesel Blend in CI Engines
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methodology for Bibliometric Analysis
8.3 Bibliometric Analysis
8.4 Various Useful Properties of Alcohol
8.5 Alcohols as Additives for CI Engines
8.5.1 Methanol
8.5.2 Ethanol
8.5.3 N-Butanol
8.6 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
Part III Renewable Fuel Production
9 Biomass and CO2-Derived Fuels Through Carbon-Based Catalysis. Recent Advances and Future Challenges
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Catalytic Carbon-Based Processes to Biomass-Derived Fuels
9.2.1 Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Oil
9.2.2 Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil for Hydrogen Production
9.2.3 Economic Analysis of Bio-Oil-Derived Fuels
9.3 Catalytic Carbon-Based Processes to CO2-Derived Fuels
9.3.1 Thermochemical CO2 Hydrogenation Using a Carbon-Based Catalyst
9.3.2 Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using Carbon-Based Catalysts
9.3.3 Economic Analysis of CO2-Derived Fuels
9.4 Conclusion, Future Challenges, and Perspectives
References
10 Waste-to-Energy: Applications and Perspectives on Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical Overview—Environmental Legislation
10.3 Energy Supply and Demand
10.4 Sustainable Waste Management
10.4.1 Waste-to-Energy Conversion Technologies
10.4.2 Landfill Gas Recovery
10.5 Waste Materials as Biojet Fuel Feedstock
10.5.1 Decarbonizing Aviation Industry
10.5.2 Waste Material Feedstock
10.6 Sustainable Pathways for Greener Biojet Fuel Production
10.7 Conclusions
References
Part IV Miscellaneous
11 Feasibility Study of Laser Plasma-Assisted Stratified Combustion and Spray Investigations in a Constant Volume Chamber
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 DISI Engines
11.2 Optical Techniques for Combustion and Spray Investigations
11.2.1 Shadowgraphy Technique
11.2.2 Schlieren Imaging Technique
11.2.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Technique
11.2.4 Mie Scattering Technique
11.2.5 Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI) Technique
11.3 Constant Volume Combustion/Spray Chamber Development
11.3.1 General Design Considerations
11.3.2 Design of Horizontal CVC
11.3.3 Material Selection and Structural Analysis of CVC
11.3.4 Injector and Spark-Plug Assembly
11.3.5 Structural and Thermal Analyses of Optical Windows
11.3.6 Manufacturing, Assembly and Testing of CVC
11.4 Ignition Systems
11.4.1 Limitations of Spark Ignition
11.4.2 Laser Ignition
11.5 Spray and CVCC Studies
11.5.1 Spark-Ignited Direct-Injected Gasoline Spray
11.5.2 Laser-Ignited Direct-Injected Gasoline Spray
11.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
12 Understanding Combustion in CI Engines for Adoption of Renewable Fuels
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historical Evolution
12.3 Differences Between Optical and All-Metal Engines
12.4 Combustion Visualisation
12.4.1 Natural Luminosity-Based Investigations
12.4.2 Laser-Based Diagnostics
12.5 Diesel Combustion Visualisation
12.5.1 Stages in Diesel Combustion
12.5.2 Parameters Affecting Combustion
12.6 Summary
References