The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and concerns for environmental degradation due to the fossil fuel burning have led the scientific community to look for alternative renewable energy sources. Among the available renewable energy sources, bioenergy derived from biomass and waste resources have great potential to not only prevent environmental pollution but also be a carbon neutral energy source. In addition, adaptation of this technology could streamline new green products, alternative energy sources into real-world applications and promote a circular economy towards zero-waste approach. This book tries to bridge the existing knowledge gap in the area of bioenergy resources. The first two chapters provide introduction to the anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies and direct interspecies electron transfer in AD. The next three chapters are on biomass pretreatment technologies for process improvement. The sixth to eighth chapter discuses biogas and other by-product production from specific wastes such from dairy, food and agricultural solid waste. The following two chapters focuses on the downstream processing of anaerobic digestate and on biochar production. Integration of AD in biorefineries using bioelectrochemical systems, syngas fermentation and electricity production are discussed in the next three chapters. The final two chapters elaborates on life cycle assessment of AD based technologies.
Author(s): Arindam Sinharoy, Piet N. L. Lens
Series: Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 420
City: Cham
Contents
Part I: Process Fundamentals
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Biofuel Production Using Anaerobic Digestion: Metabolic Pathways and Factors Affecting the Process
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Metabolic Pathways
1.2.1 BioH2 Production Via Dark Fermentation
1.2.2 BioCH4 Via Methanogenesis
1.3 Factors Affecting the Process
1.3.1 Inoculum Source
1.3.2 pH
1.3.3 Temperature
1.3.4 Nutrients and Potentially Toxic Compounds
1.3.5 Reactor Configuration
References
Chapter 2: Engineering Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer for Enhanced Methanogenic Performance
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Interspecies Electron Transfer in Anaerobic Digestion
2.2.1 Indirect Interspecies Electron Transfer
2.2.2 Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer
2.2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2.2 Biological Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (bDIET)
2.2.2.3 Mineral Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (mDIET)
2.3 Engineering Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer with Conductive Additives
2.3.1 Carbon-Based Materials
2.3.1.1 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
2.3.1.2 Biochar
2.3.1.3 Carbon Cloth, Felt and Fiber
2.3.1.4 Carbo Nanotubes
2.3.1.5 Graphite
2.3.2 Iron-Based Materials: Magnetite
2.3.2.1 Synthetic Wastewater
2.3.2.2 Sulfate Rich Wastewaters
2.3.2.3 Industrial Wastewaters
2.3.3 Other Conductive Additives
2.4 Future Perspectives
2.4.1 Retention of Additives in the Reactor
2.4.2 External Voltage Supply
2.4.3 Two Stage AD (Ethanol AD)
2.4.4 Improved Analytical Tools
2.4.5 Other Electro-Syntrophic Interactions
References
Part II: Pretreatment
Chapter 3: Adsorbents for the Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Wastes Hydrolysates to Improve Fermentative Processes to Bioen...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Residues
3.2.1 Physical Pretreatment
3.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment
3.2.3 Physicochemical Pretreatment
3.2.4 Biological Pretreatment
3.3 Fermentation Inhibitors Formed during Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
3.4 Strategies for the Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Wastes Hydrolysates
3.5 Detoxification of Hydrolysate Using Adsorption
3.5.1 Adsorbent Materials
3.5.2 Challenges of Adsorption
3.6 Recuperation of Commodities from Detoxification
References
Chapter 4: Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials to Enhance their Methane Potential
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lignocellulosic Materials: Structure and Potential
4.2.1 Cellulose
4.2.2 Hemicellulose
4.2.3 Lignin
4.3 Parameters Affecting Lignocellulose Conversion to Biofuels
4.4 Pretreatment Methods to Enhance Methane Production from Lignocellulosic Materials
4.4.1 Physical Pretreatments
4.4.2 Chemical Pretreatments
4.4.3 Physicochemical Pretreatments
4.4.4 Biological Pretreatments
4.5 Organosolv Pretreatment
4.5.1 Mechanism and Process Parameters of Organosolv Pretreatment
4.5.2 Benefits and Drawbacks
4.5.3 Effectiveness of Organosolv Pretreatment on Different Lignocellulosic Materials
4.6 N-Methylmorpholine N-Oxide Pretreatment
4.6.1 Mechanisms and Process Parameters of the NMMO Pretreatment
4.6.2 Benefits and Drawbacks
4.6.3 Effectiveness of NMMO Pretreatment on Different Lignocellulosic Materials
4.7 Ultrasound Pretreatment
4.7.1 Mechanism and Process Parameters of Ultrasound Pretreatment
4.7.2 Benefits and Drawbacks
4.7.3 Effectiveness of Ultrasound Pretreatment on Different Substrates
References
Chapter 5: Biogas Production from Dairy Cattle Residues: Definition of the Pretreatment Approach Through a Bibliometric Analys...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Main Routes of Pretreatments
5.3 Material and Methods
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 Analysis of Technological Routes Based on Patent Documents
5.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment Methods
5.4.3 Alkaline Hydrolysis with NaOH
References
Part III: AD of Specific Waste-Streams
Chapter 6: Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Industry Wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Composition of Dairy Wastewater
6.1.2 Environmental Effects of Dairy Wastewater
6.1.2.1 Effects on Receiving Water Streams
6.1.2.2 Effects on Land
6.1.2.3 Effects on Atmosphere
6.1.3 Treatment of Dairy Wastewater
6.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Wastewater
6.3 Parameters Effecting the Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Wastewater
6.3.1 pH
6.3.2 Temperature
6.3.3 Organic Loading Rate
6.3.4 Hydraulic Retention Time
6.3.5 Nutrients
6.3.6 C:N ratio
6.4 Techno-economic Analysis of Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Wastewater
6.5 Case Studies on Techno-economic Analysis of Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Wastewater
6.5.1 Case Study 1
6.5.1.1 Case Description
6.5.1.2 Energy Analysis
6.5.2 Case Study 2
6.5.2.1 Case Description
6.5.2.2 Energy Analysis
6.5.3 Case Study 3
6.5.3.1 Case Description
6.5.3.2 Energy Analysis
6.6 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 7: Solid State Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste for Bioenergy Production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Anaerobic Digestion
7.3 Solid State Anaerobic Digestion
7.4 Feedstock Identification for SS-AD
7.4.1 Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW)
7.4.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass and Residues
7.5 Factors Affecting SSAD Process
7.5.1 Solid Concentration
7.5.2 Inoculum
7.5.3 Temperature
7.5.4 Inhibition
7.6 Approaches for Enhancing SSAD Performance
References
Chapter 8: Food Waste Biorefinery for Bioenergy and Value Added Products
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biobased Energy Vectors from Food Waste
8.2.1 Bioethanol
8.2.2 Biobutanol
8.2.3 Biodiesel
8.2.4 Biogas, Biohydrogen, Biohythane and Volatile Fatty Acids
8.3 Biobased Chemicals from Food Waste
8.3.1 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Furfural
8.3.2 Citric Acid
8.3.3 Lactic Acid
8.3.4 Succinic Acid
8.3.5 Fumaric and Itaconic Acids
8.3.6 Diols
8.4 Bioingredients and Biomaterials from Food Waste
8.4.1 Biolubricants
8.4.2 Bacterial Cellulose
8.4.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
References
Part IV: Downstream Processing for Resource Recovery
Chapter 9: Valorisation of Anaerobic Digestate: Towards Value-Added Products
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Anaerobic Digestion Effects on Digestate Properties
9.2.1 Mass Reduction
9.2.2 Organic Matter Stability
9.2.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus
9.2.4 Innocuity
9.3 Digestate Typology
9.3.1 Agricultural Digesters
9.3.2 Wastewater Treatment Plants
9.3.3 Centralized/Regional Digesters
9.3.4 Municipal Solid Waste Digesters
9.4 AD Operational Strategies for Enhancing Digestate Value: The Case of Residual Organic Matter
9.5 Digestate Landspreading: Practices and Limitations
9.5.1 Agronomic Digestate Value
9.5.2 Limitations of Digestates Use in Agronomy
9.6 Digestate Phase Separation: A Key Step for Digestate Spreading and Post-treatment
9.7 Value Added Products from Liquid Digestates
9.7.1 Nutrient Fractionation
9.7.2 Concentration and Granulation
9.7.3 Nutrient Recovery as Pure and Reformulated Products
9.7.4 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Cultivation
9.7.5 Biological Nutrient Recovery Strategies
9.8 Value Added-Products from Solid Digestates
9.8.1 Composting
9.8.2 Digestate Drying
9.8.3 Growth Media
9.8.4 Thermal Conversion
9.8.5 Bioethanol Production
9.8.6 Nutrient Recovery from Incineration Ashes
9.9 Regulatory Framework in EU and North America
9.10 Perspective
References
Chapter 10: Biochar Produced from Organic Waste Digestate and Its Potential Utilization for Soil Remediation: An Overview
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biochar Production from Organic Waste Digestates
10.2.1 Biochar Production Technologies
10.2.2 Organic Waste Digestates and Their Derived Biochars
10.2.2.1 Sewage Sludge Digestate
10.2.2.2 Organic Fraction of the Municipal Solid Waste Digestate
10.3 Characterization of Organic Waste Digestate-Derived Biochars
10.3.1 Physicochemical Properties
10.3.2 Modification of Biochars
10.4 Applications
10.4.1 Sorption Mechanisms
10.4.2 Environmental Factors Influencing Contaminant Retention in Soils
10.4.3 Effect of Production Temperature on Biochar Properties
10.4.4 Remediation of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Soils
10.4.4.1 Remediation of Organic Contaminants
10.4.4.2 Remediation of Inorganic Contaminants
10.4.5 Bioavailability of Trace Elements with Biochar Addition
10.5 Potential Effects of the Application of Sludge-Derived Biochars to Soils
10.5.1 Stability and Durability Effect of Biochars in Soils
10.5.2 Biological Assessment
10.5.3 Agronomic Benefits of Organic Waste Digestate-Derived Biochars
10.5.4 Possible Adverse Effects
10.6 Future Challenge
References
Part V: Integration of AD in Biorefineries
Chapter 11: Integration of Bio-electrochemical Systems with Anaerobic Digestion
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bio-electrochemical Systems
11.2.1 Microbial Fuel Cell (or Galvanic Bioelectrochemical System)
11.2.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cell (or Electrolytic Bioelectrochemical System)
11.3 Integration of Anaerobic Digestion with Bio-electrochemical Systems
11.3.1 Integrating Bio-electrochemical System with Anaerobic Digestion for Nutrient Removal
11.3.1.1 Nitrogen Removal Techniques
11.3.1.2 Phosphorus Removal Techniques
11.3.1.3 Sulfur Removal Techniques
11.3.2 Biogas Upgrading
11.3.3 Post Treatment to the Effluent of Anaerobic Digestion Using Bio-electrochemical Systems
11.3.3.1 Polishing Treatment to Anaerobic Digestion
11.3.3.2 Emerging Contaminants Removal
11.3.3.3 Hybridizing Anaerobic Digestion with Bioelectrochemical Systems
11.3.3.4 Pathogen Removal/Disinfection
11.3.4 Bioelectrochemical System as a Biosensor to Monitor the Anaerobic Digestion Process
11.4 Future Scope
References
Chapter 12: Use of Biogas for Electricity-Driven Appliances
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electrical Power Generation from Biogas
12.3 Environmental Features of Biogas Conversion to Electricity
References
Chapter 13: Syngas Fermentation for Bioenergy Production: Advances in Bioreactor Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Syngas Fermentation
13.2.1 Alcohol and Acetate Production
13.2.2 Hydrogen Production
13.2.3 Methane Production
13.3 Conventional Bioreactors for Syngas Fermentation
13.3.1 Reactor Consideration
13.3.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
13.3.3 Bubble Column Reactor
13.3.4 Packed Bed Bioreactor
13.3.5 Gas Lift Reactor
13.3.6 Membrane Bioreactor
13.4 Novel Bioreactors for Syngas Fermentation
13.4.1 Horizontal Rotating Packed Bed Reactor
13.4.2 Monolithic Biofilm Reactor
13.4.3 Bulk-Gas-to-Atomized-Liquid Contactor Reactor
13.4.4 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
13.5 Bioreactor Strategies to Overcome Gas Liquid Mass Transfer Problems
13.5.1 Agitation Speed and Impeller Configuration
13.5.2 Additives
References
Part VI: Life Cycle Analysis
Chapter 14: Up and Downstream Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion from Life Cycle Assessment Perspective
14.1 Introduction
14.2 LCA to Determine the Sustainability of AD Systems
14.3 LCA of Upstream Technologies
14.3.1 Pretreatment Requirement
14.3.2 Biological Pretreatment Methods
14.3.3 Physical Pretreatment Methods
14.3.4 Chemical Pretreatment Methods
14.3.5 Combined Pretreatment Methods
14.4 Downstream Processes
14.4.1 Biogas Conditioning
14.4.1.1 H2S Removal
14.4.1.2 CO2 Removal
14.4.2 Biogas and Digestate Utilization
14.4.2.1 Biogas Utilization
14.4.2.2 Digestate Utilization
14.4.3 AD in the Biorefinery Concept
References
Chapter 15: Life Cycle Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion Systems: An Approach Towards Sustainable Waste Management
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Anaerobic Digestion Systems
15.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process
15.2.2 Products from Anaerobic Digestion Process
15.3 Biogas from Organic Wastes
15.3.1 Food Waste
15.3.2 Livestock Waste
15.3.3 Crop Residues
15.4 Life Cycle Assessment Framework
15.4.1 Steps in Conducting an LCA
15.4.2 History and Evolution of LCA
15.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion Systems
15.6 Sustainable Waste Management
References
