Prepared by the Advancing Renewable Energy Technologies Committee of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE
Renewable Energy Technologies and Water Infrastructure provides readers with a critical review of policy, regulation, science, and engineering with respect to the development and application of renewable energy technologies to the effective operation of water infrastructure. Using effective energy policy and rulemaking, the US has successfully started incorporating renewables within statewide energy mixes. Practical applications and the latest developments surrounding the integration of renewable energy into existing water infrastructure are rapidly evolving and deserve far greater attention.
Detailed topics covered in this book include: renewable energy policy and regulatory requirements; micro-hydro power; biofuels; biogas-to-energy CHP; fuel cells for clean water; sustainable desalination; geothermal energy; solar and wind energy toward resilient water infrastructure; application of renewables for monitoring water quality; and proven renewable energy applications to water infrastructure.
This book will be a valuable resource for academics, scientists, engineers, policy makers, and other practitioners working on water infrastructure and the applications of current sustainability and resilience needs with respect to the water-energy nexus.
Author(s): S. Rao Chitikela, Venkata Gullapalli, William F. Ritter
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 259
City: Reston
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Book_5090_C001
Chapter 1: US Renewable Energy Policy—Analysis and Recommendations
Introduction
National Energy Act of 1978 (H.R. 8444 1977-78)
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
Clean Power Plan of 2015
Energy Efficiency Resources Standards
Renewable Energy Projects
Federal Investment Tax Credit
Renewable Production Tax Credit
Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Renewable Energy Resources—Review/Recommendations
Hydropower
Biofuels
Solar Photovoltaic
Wind Energy
Future of United States Renewable Energy Policy
Summary
References
Book_5090_C002
Chapter 2: Renewables and Regulatory Requirements of the United States
Introduction
US-Code, Law, and Act—Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Standards
Renewable Portfolio Standards—The State of Connecticut, Example
Renewable Portfolio Standards Eligibility—The State of California, Example
Local Government on Renewable Energy Projects—State of Virginia, Example
Solar and Wind Energy Rule—Bureau of Land Management
RE Programs—Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
Renewables—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Summary
Disclaimer
References
Book_5090_C003
Chapter 3: Biofuels: Ethanol and Biodiesel
Ethanol
Introduction
Legislation
Classes of Ethanol
Processing of Corn Ethanol
Cellulosic Ethanol Processing
US Ethanol Production
Greenhouse Gases
Water Quality Impacts
Pros and Cons of Ethanol
Biodiesel
Introduction
Biodiesel Processing
Classes of Biodiesel Blends
US Biodiesel Production
Summary
References
Book_5090_C004
Chapter 4: Micro-Hydropower: Concept, System Design, and Innovations
Introduction
Micro-Hydropower Generation: Concept
Micro-Hydropower System Design
Case Study Site
Micro-Hydropower System Design Components
Hydraulic Component Design
Hydraulic Head
Flow Rate
Flow Control to Penstock
Penstock Design
Penstock Intake Filter
Mechanical Component Design
Turbine Protection
Electrical Component Design
Electric Generator
Inverter
Controller
Battery Bank
Battery Overcharge Controller
Case Study Project Cost
Cost–Benefit Analysis
Regulatory Requirements—Case Study Site
Micro-Hydropower: Viable Technology in Developing Countries
Small-Stream Micro-Hydropower: Challenges and Limitations
Emerging Micro- and Small-Hydropower Technologies
Summary
Appendix A. Bill of Materials (Equipment, 2013 Prices)
Appendix B. Bill of Materials (Supplies/Materials, 2013 Prices)
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
References
Book_5090_C005
Chapter 5: Biogas-to-Energy—The Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
Introduction
Biogas Generation Systems—Theory and Practice
Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock and Poultry Manure
Sludges/Biosolids and Biogas-to-Energy—US Regulations
Biogas-to-Electric Generation and Combined Heat and Power
Economics of Livestock and Poultry Manure Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas in the Circular Economy
Summary
References
Book_5090_C006
Chapter 6: Fuel Cells for Renewable Wastewater Infrastructure
Introduction
Hydrogen
Biological Processes for Hydrogen Production
Dark Fermentation
Microbial Electrolysis Cells
Photofermentation
Biophotolysis
Fuel Cells
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Alkaline Fuel Cell
Working Principle
Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
Working Principle
Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure
Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Working Principle
Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Working Principle
Potential Applications in Wastewater Infrastructure
Microbial Fuel Cell
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Book_5090_C007
Chapter 7: Sustainable Desalination Using Renewable Energy Sources
Introduction
Desalination Technologies—Principles of Operation
Multistage Flash Desalination
Multieffect Distillation
Vapor Compression
Energy Efficiency of Thermal Desalination
Reverse Osmosis
Renewable Energy Integration with Desalination Processes
Selection Process of the Desalination Process
Sustainability of Desalination Technologies
Environmental Impacts of Desalination Processes
Brine Disposal
Economic Considerations of Renewable Energy-Driven Desalination Processes
Regulatory Requirements
Social Aspects of Desalination Processes
Summary
References
Book_5090_C008
Chapter 8: Geothermal Energy
General Description
Geothermal Resources
Geothermal Resource Applications
Geothermal Power Generation
Power Plant Types
Dry Steam
Flash
Organic Rankine Cycle/Binary
Current Status
Worldwide Capacity
Technological Distribution
Geothermal Direct Use
Direct Heating Applications
Mineral Recovery
Energy Storage
Future Direction
Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Hybridization Opportunities with Concentrating Solar Power
Perspective
References
Book_5090_C009
Chapter 9: Wind Energy—Increasing Resilience in Water Infrastructure
Introduction
Wind Turbine Technologies
Wind Technology Powering Mechanical Systems
Efficiency and the Betz Limit
Assessing Power from Wind
Turbine Technology, Applications, and Siting
Built Environment Wind Turbine
Quantifying Turbulence and Turbulence Intensity
Energy and Water
Role of Wind Energy in Water Infrastructure Security
Emerging Technologies
Summary
References
Book_5090_C010
Chapter 10: Solar Energy and Water/Wastewater Infrastructure
Introduction
Solar Radiation
Solar Photovoltaics
Solar Thermal
Solar Photovoltaics and Concentrating Solar Power Comparison
Solar in Water Industry
Desalination
Thermal Technologies
Membrane Technologies
Solar in Desalination
Solar Water Disinfection
Wastewater Processing
Solar in Wastewater Processing
Summary
References
Book_5090_C011
Chapter 11: Renewable Energy Technologies for Water Quality Monitoring
Introduction
Solar-Powered Monitoring Networks
Stormwater Sampling and Monitoring
Discharge and Nonpoint Source Monitoring
Water Quality Monitoring with Data Buoys
Microbial Fuel Cells for Water Quality Monitoring
Summary
References
Book_5090_C012
Chapter 12: Integrating Renewable Energy in Water Infrastructure: Global Trends and Future Outlook
Introduction
Background
Water and Energy Nexus
Water and Energy Conservation
Applications of Renewable Energy in the Water Industry
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Outlook
Summary
References
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Appendix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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