Renewable Energy Technologies: Advances and Emerging Trends for Sustainability

Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Comparison of Drag Models for Hydrodynamic Flow Behavior Analysis of Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mathematical Model
1.3 Results and Discussion
1.3.1 Effect of Different Drag Models for Radial Distribution of Solid
1.3.2 Effect of Different Drag Models for Axial Distribution of Solid
1.3.3 Contours and Vector Plot
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 Pathways of Renewable Energy Sources in Rajasthan for Sustainable Growth
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Renewable Energy in India
2.3 Renewable Energy in Rajasthan
2.3.1 Conventional Energy Sources in Rajasthan
2.3.2 Renewable Energy Sources
2.3.2.1 Solar Energy
2.3.2.2 Wind Energy
2.3.2.3 Biomass Energy
2.3.2.4 Small Hydropower
2.4 Government Initiatives
2.5 Major Achievements
2.6 Environment Effects
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Distributed Generation Policy in India: Challenges and Opportunities
3.1 Background
3.2 Electricity Access in India
3.2.1 Distribution Sector of India
3.2.2 Distributed Generation
3.2.3 Recent DG Technologies and their Scenario in India
3.3 DG System Position in Existing Legal and Policy Framework of India
3.3.1 Position of the Electricity Sector in the Constitution of India
3.3.2 Overview of the Electricity Act, 2003
3.3.3 DG System Position in the Electricity Act, 2003 [5]
3.3.4 DG System Position in the Electricity (Amendment) Act 2018 and Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2020
3.3.5 DG System Position in the National Renewable Energy Act 2015 [30]
3.3.6 DG System Position in the National Electricity Policy 2005, National Tariff Policy 2006, Rural Electrification Policy 2006, and National Energy Policy 2017
3.4 Analysis and Challenges in the DG System
3.4.1 National Policy on Renewable Energy Based Mini/Micro-Grid
3.4.2 Smart Grid Policy of India
3.4.3 Grid Integration Policy of DG System
3.4.4 Regulatory Commission on the DG System [42]
3.4.5 Renewable Energy Policy of India
3.4.6 Challenges
3.4.7 Impact of DG System on the Indian Power System
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Sustainable Development of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Protection Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Photocatalysis
4.2.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
4.2.2 Applications of Photocatalysis
4.2.3 Current Trends in Photocatalytic Applications
4.3 Electrocatalysis
4.3.1 Mechanism of Electrocatalysis
4.3.2 Applications of Electrocatalysis
4.3.3 Current Trends in Electrocatalytic Applications
4.4 Supercapacitors
4.4.1 Mechanism of Supercapacitors
4.4.2 Applications of Supercapacitors
4.4.3 Current Trends in Supercapacitor Applications
4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5 Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Construction, Working Principle, and Current Development
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solar Cell Operation (Photovoltaic Effect)
5.2.1 Physical Explanation of Photovoltaic Effect
5.3 Quantum Dot Based Solar Cells
5.4 Materials for QDSSCs
5.4.1 Photoanodes for QDSCs
5.4.2 Sensitizer for QDSSCs
5.4.3 Electrolytes and CE for QDSCs
5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
6 Review on Productivity Enhancement of Passive Solar Stills
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Need for Desalination in India & Other Parts of World
6.3 Significance of Solar Energy – Indian Scenario
6.4 Desalination Process Powered by Solar Energy
6.4.1 Solar Thermal Desalination
6.5 Solar Still
6.5.1 Categorization of Solar Stills
6.5.1.1 Passive Solar Still
6.5.1.2 Active Solar Still
6.5.2 Pros and Cons of Solar Still
6.6 Methods to Augment the Potable Water Yield in Passive Solar Still
6.6.1 Incorporating Thermal Energy Storage
6.6.1.1 Sensible Heat Energy Storage (SHES)
6.6.1.2 Latent Heat Energy Storage (LHES)
6.6.2 Integrating Fins to the Absorber
6.6.3 Inclusion of Wicks & Natural Fibres
6.6.4 Modifying the Geometry of Solar Still
6.7 Factors Affecting the Rate of Productivity
6.7.1 Environmental Factors
6.7.2 Design Factors
6.7.3 Operational Factors
6.8 Corollary on Productivity Enhancement Methods
6.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
7 Subsynchronous Resonance Issues in Integrating Large Windfarms to Grid
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Survey
7.3 DFIG Based Grid Integrated WECs
7.4 Modeling of System Components
7.4.1 Mechanical System
7.4.2 DFIG
7.4.3 Transmission Network
7.4.4 RSC – GSC Converter
7.4.5 Integration of the Complete System
7.5 Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance
7.5.1 Analysis by Eigenvalue Method
7.5.2 Time Domain Analysis
7.5.2.1 DFIG Control Scheme
7.5.2.2 Control Technique
7.5.2.3 Design of Dynamic Controller
7.5.3 System Performance with the Proposed Technique
7.6 Hardware Implementation
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Emerging Trends for Biomass and Waste to Energy Conversion
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Biomass Resources
8.1.2 Bio-Energy Technologies
8.2 Hydrothermal Processing
8.2.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
8.2.2 Operating Conditions for HTL
8.2.3 Types of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Systems
8.2.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction Steps
8.2.5 Chemistry of Liquefaction
8.2.6 Advantages of Hydrothermal Liquefaction
8.2.7 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
8.2.8 Process Mechanism of HTC
8.2.9 Comparison of Pyrochar and Hydrochar Properties
8.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Hydrothermal Processing (HTP)
8.3.1 Environmental Opportunities
8.3.2 Social Opportunities
8.3.3 Economic Opportunities
8.3.4 Challenges in HTP
8.4 Bio-Methanation Process
8.4.1 Factors that Influence AD
8.4.2 Biogas Use
8.4.3 Benefits of Biogas Technology
8.4.4 Biogas Digester
8.4.5 Types of Biogas Digesters
8.4.6 Factors to Consider when Selecting a Biogas Digester Design
8.5 Integrating AD-HTP
8.6 Waste to Energy Conversion
8.6.1 WtE Conversion Case Studies
8.6.2 WtE from Municipal Wastewater
8.6.3 Opportunities Arising from WtE Plans
8.6.4 Potential Challenges to Viability
8.6.5 Future Prospects of WtE Technologies
8.7 Impacts of COVID-19 on Biomass and Waste to Energy Conversion
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Renewable Energy Policies and Standards for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles in India
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 The Paris Climate Agreements and India’s INDC Targets
9.1.2 India’s Current RE Policy Landscape: A Brief Overview
9.2 Structure of the Indian Power System
9.3 Status of RE in India
9.4 Legal Aspects of Electricity and Consumer Rights in India
9.5 Policies, Programs, and Standards Related to Energy Storage and EVs
9.6 Electricity Market-Related Developments for Accommodating More RE
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Durable Catalyst Support for PEFC Application
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Fuel Cells and Operating Principle
10.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)
10.4 Fuel Cell Performance and Stability
10.5 Effect of TiO2 Based Catalysts/Supports for H2-PEFC and DMFC
10.6 Variable Phase of TiO2 Supported Pt Towards Fuel Cell Application
10.7 Influence of Doping in TiO2 Towards ORR
10.8 Influence of Morphology Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction
10.9 Effect of Titania-Carbon Composite Supported Pt Electrocatalyst for PEFC
10.10 PEFC Stack Operation and Durability Studies with Alternate Catalyst Support
10.11 Summary and Way Forward
Acknowledgements
References
11 Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells: Future of Renewable Energy Research
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Principle of URFC
11.2.1 Electrolysis Mode (EC)
11.2.2 Fuel Cell Mode (FC)
11.3 Classification of URFCs
11.3.1 Unitised Regenerative Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (UR-PEMFC)
11.3.1.1 Components of UR-PEMFC
11.3.1.2 Electrocatalysts for UR-PEMFC Electrodes
11.3.2 Unitized Regenerative Alkaline Fuel Cell (UR-AFC)
11.3.2.1 Electrocatalysts Used for UR-AFC
11.3.2.2 UR-AFCs with AEM
11.3.3 Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (RSOFC)
11.3.4 Reversible Microfluidic Fuel Cell (RMFC)
11.4 Case Studies on URFCs
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12 Energy Storage for Distributed Energy Resources
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems
12.2.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
12.2.2 Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS)
12.2.3 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems (SCES)
12.2.4 Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems (SMES)
12.2.5 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage System (PHESS)
12.2.6 Compressed Energy Storage Systems (CAES)
12.2.7 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS)
12.3 Power Electronic Interface
12.3.1 DC Microgrid
12.3.2 PV Panel Modelling
12.3.3 P & O MPPT Algorithm
12.3.4 DC-DC Converters
12.3.5 HESS Configuration Based on DC-DC Converter
12.4 Control of Different HESS Configurations
12.4.1 Control of Passive Configuration
12.4.2 Control of Semi-Active Configuration
12.4.3 Control of Fully Active Configuration
12.5 Battery Modeling Techniques
12.5.1 Mathematical Models
12.5.2 Examples of Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models
12.5.2.1 Electrochemical Models
12.5.2.2 Electrical Circuit Models
12.5.3 Supercapacitor Modeling
12.5.3.1 Charging Methods
12.5.3.2 Constant Current Charging (CCC)
12.5.3.3 Constant Power Charging (CPC)
12.6 Applications
12.6.1 Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPS)
12.6.2 Grid Support
12.6.3 RER Applications
12.6.4 Isolated Power System
12.6.5 Electrification
12.7 Challenges and Future of ESSs
12.7.1 Cost Effectiveness
12.7.2 Industry Acceptance
12.7.3 Safety
12.7.4 Impact on Environment
12.8 Conclusions
References
13 Comprehensive Analysis on DC-Microgrid Application for Remote Electrification
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background of DC-µG
13.3 DC-µG Architectures
13.4 DC-µG Voltage Polarity
13.4.1 Unipolar DC-µG System
13.4.2 Bipolar DC-µG System
13.5 Single Bus DC-µG
13.6 Radial Architecture of DC-µG
13.6.1 Ring or Loop Configuration of DC-µG
13.6.2 Mesh Type DC-µG
13.6.3 Zonal Type DC-µG (ZTDC-µG)
13.7 Ladder Type DC-µG
13.8 Topological Overview of DC-DC Converters
13.8.1 Role of PECs in DC-µG
13.8.2 Converter Topologies (Conventional)
13.8.2.1 Non-Isolated Power Converters
13.8.2.2 Recent Converter Topologies for DC-µG (With Modes of Operations)
13.8.2.3 Performance Analysis of Existing Converter Topologies
13.9 DC-µG Control Schemes
13.9.1 Decentralised Control of DC-µG
13.9.2 Distributed Control of DC-µG
13.9.3 Centralised Control of DC-µG
13.10 Key Challenges and Direction of Future Research
13.11 Conclusions
References
14 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Solar Air Heater
Abbreviations
Symbol Title Unit
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Solar Air Heater (SAH)
14.3 Performance Evaluation of a SAH
14.3.1 Overall Heat Loss Coefficient
14.3.1.2 Bottom Heat Loss Coefficient
14.3.1.3 Side Edge Heat Loss Coefficient
14.4 Collector Performance Testing and Prediction
14.5 Performance Enhancement Methods of Solar Air Collector
14.5.1 Reducing Thermal Losses
14.5.1.1 Double Exposure
14.5.1.2 Use of Multiple Glass Covers
14.5.1.3 Using Selective Absorber Surface
14.5.1.4 Overlapped Glass Covers Arrangement
14.5.1.5 Honeycomb Structures
14.5.1.6 Double Pass Arrangement
14.5.2 Augmentation of Heat Transfer Coefficient
14.5.2.1 Impingement Jet
14.5.2.2 Corrugated Absorber Plate
14.5.2.3 Artificial Roughness
14.6 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance
14.6.1 Net Effective Efficiency
14.6.2 Exergetic Efficiency
14.7 Prediction of Net Effective Efficiency of Conical Protrusion Ribs on Absorber of SAH: A Case Study
14.8 Conclusions
References
15 Artificial Intelligent Approaches for Load Frequency Control in Isolated Microgrid with Renewable Energy Sources
Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy Resources
15.2.1 Introduction to Microgrid
15.2.1.1 Overview of Microgrid
15.2.1.2 Challenges and Mitigation of Integrating RES in MG
15.2.2 Description of Load Frequency Control in MG
15.2.2.1 Review of LFC System
15.2.2.2 Modeling of Diesel Generator
15.2.2.3 Modeling of BES
15.2.2.4 Modeling of RES
15.2.2.5 Modeling of PID Controller
15.2.2.6 Modeling of LFC in MG Integrating RES
15.3 Control Strategy for LFC in Micro Grid
15.3.1 Intelligent Control Mechanism for LFC
15.3.2 Objective Function
15.3.3 Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA)
15.4 Simulation Results and Discussions: Case Study
15.4.1 Transient Analysis
15.4.2 Robustness Analysis
15.4.3 Convergence Analysis
15.4.4 Stability Analysis
15.4.5 Sensitivity Analysis
15.5 Summary and Future Scope
References
16 Analysis of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Machine
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Study on BDFIM
16.2.1 Construction of BDFIM
16.2.2 Design and Prototype Development of BDFIM
16.2.2.1 Asynchronous Power Winding: 6 Pole (Conventional Delta Winding)
16.2.2.2 Asynchronous Power Winding: 2 Pole
16.2.2.3 Rotor Winding
16.2.3 Modes of Operation of BDFIG
16.2.3.1 Simple Induction Mode
16.2.3.2 Cascade Induction Mode
16.2.3.3 Synchronous Mode: Motoring Operation
16.2.3.4 Synchronous Mode: Generating Operation
16.3 FEM Analysis of BDFIM Performance
16.3.1 Modes of Operation
16.3.1.1 Simple Induction Mode
16.3.1.2 Cascade Induction Mode
16.3.1.3.1 Comparison between Star-Delta/Star and Delta/DeltaBDFIM in Synchronous Mode
16.3.1.3 Synchronous Mode
16.4 Fabrication of BDFIM
16.5 Testing of Prototype BDFIM as Motor
16.5.1 On No Load under Synchronous Mode of Operation
16.5.2 On Load under Synchronous Mode of Operation
16.6 Testing of BDFIM as a Generator
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 SMC Augmented Droop Control Scheme for Improved Small Signal Stability of Inverter Dominated Microgrid
Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Small Signal Model of Droop Controlled MG System
17.3 Droop Controller with SMC
17.3.1 Case 1
17.3.2 Case 2
17.3.3 Case 3
17.4 Conclusion
References
18 Energy Scenarios Due to Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak in Honduras
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Background of the Problem
18.1.2 Objectives of the Research Study
18.2 SPB (Southern Pine Beetle)
18.2.1 Reproduction Cycle of SPB
18.2.2 Affected Conifer Species Found in Honduras
18.2.3 Energy Potential of the Biomass Originated by the SPB Growth
18.2.3.1 Determination of Heating Power of Pine Wood
18.2.4 Legal Framework
18.3 Implementation of Methodology
18.3.1 Flowchart
18.4 Scenario Taking Into Consideration the Energy Demand
18.4.1 Generation Scenario by Means of Biomass Affected by SPB
18.4.2 Energy Generation Scenario Without the Presence of SPB
Conclusions
References
Appendix
Index
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