Renewable energy is contributing significantly to fulfill the continuously increasing energy demand of the world. Research in the field of renewable energy has to play a vital role if the potential of renewable energy is to be fully exploited. This book is intended to explore some recent developments in the field of these renewable energy sources. This book is comprised of four chapters on solar energy, four chapters on wind energy, two chapters on bio energy and two chapters on renewable energy. Chapters on solar energy include the basic concepts of photovoltaic cells, modules, array, modeling PV cell operation under Matlab/Simulink, alternative materials to conventional silicon based solar cells, recent transparent thin film materials and their performance characteristics. Chapters on wind energy present two new methods to predict wind power, a methodological approach for performance evaluation of wind farms, dynamic behavior of a weak hybrid power system and a structural analysis of multi-story vertical axis wind turbines. It also includes the impact of physical properties such as density and viscosity of biodiesels, as well as an investigation of performance of a low heat rejection engine using neem kernel oil and its methyl ester as fuel. A renewable energy conversion and waste heat recovery using organic Rankine cycles and various challenges and opportunities for sustainable development for implementation of renewable energy technologies are described at the end.
Author(s): Sandip A. Kale
Series: Renewable Energy: Research, Development and Policies
Publisher: Nova Publishers
Year: 2017
Language: English
Pages: 282
Tags: Renewable Energy Systems
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Abstract......Page 11
2. Basics of Solar Energy......Page 12
2.1. Solar Radiation......Page 13
2.2. Solar Radiation Data......Page 15
2.4. Irradiation and Peak Sun Hours......Page 18
2.5. Sunpath Diagram......Page 19
2.6. Determination of Sun Location......Page 20
b. Azimuth......Page 21
c. Solar Altitude......Page 22
2.7. Tilting Solar Modules......Page 24
2.8. Magnetic North and True North......Page 25
3.1. Series Circuits......Page 26
3.2. Parallel Circuits......Page 27
3.3. Combination of Series and Parallel Circuits......Page 28
a. Characteristics of a Solar Cell......Page 29
4.2. Power Characteristic of a Solar Cell......Page 30
a. Fill Factor and Equivalent Solar Cell Circuit......Page 31
4.4. STC and NOCT......Page 32
5.1. Analytical Modelling of Solar Cell Operation......Page 33
5.3. Factors Affecting the Performance of Solar Cells......Page 35
a. Temperature Effect......Page 37
6. Types of Solar Cells......Page 38
6.2. Polycrystalline or Multicrystalline Solar Cells......Page 39
6.4. New Trends in Solar Cells Production......Page 40
7. Commercial Modules and Protection Diodes......Page 41
7.1. Existing Standards......Page 42
7.3. Blocking Diodes......Page 44
Conclusion......Page 45
References......Page 46
1. Introduction......Page 49
1.1. Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Conversion......Page 50
1.2. The Solar Spectrum......Page 51
2.1. The Dominance of C-Si Photovoltaics......Page 52
4. Defining the Contenders......Page 53
4.1.2. Challenges and Way Ahead......Page 55
4.3.2. Challenges and Way Ahead......Page 56
4.5.2. Challenges and Way Out......Page 57
Conclusion......Page 59
References......Page 60
Abstract......Page 63
1.2. Power Generation Using P-N Gate and Processing Wafers......Page 64
1.3. Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) for Solar Cells......Page 65
2. Materials of Thin Films for Solar Windows......Page 67
2.1. Ga-Doped ZnO (GZO) Thin Film......Page 68
2.2. W-Doped In2O3 Thin Films......Page 70
2.3. ZnMgO/ITO Multilayer Thin Films......Page 71
2.4. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Thin Film......Page 72
3. Comparative Analysis of Selected Materials......Page 74
References......Page 75
Abstract......Page 77
1. Introduction......Page 78
1.1. From Primitive Drying to Solar Drying......Page 79
1.3. Importance of Solar Dried Food......Page 80
2.1. Description of the Solar Food Dryer......Page 81
2.2. Materials Used......Page 82
2.4. Design Calculations......Page 83
2.5. Construction......Page 85
3. Results......Page 86
4. Discussion......Page 90
Conclusion......Page 91
References......Page 92
1. Introduction......Page 95
2.1. Group Method Data Handing (GMDH)......Page 97
2.2. Elman Neural Network......Page 99
2.4. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)......Page 100
3. Proposed Methods (GMDH-PSO and GMDH-GA)......Page 101
4. Results......Page 104
References......Page 107
Abstract......Page 111
1. Introduction......Page 112
2. Criteria for Performance Estimation......Page 113
3.2. Economic Performance Indicator (EcPI)......Page 114
3.4. Sociological Performance Indicator (SoPI)......Page 116
4. Cluster Performance Index - An Indicator of Cluster Efficiency......Page 117
5. Development of A Multi-Criteria Frame Work for Cluster Performance Estimation......Page 118
6. Comparison of Wind Farms Based on Individual Criterion......Page 120
References......Page 123
Abstract......Page 125
1. Introduction......Page 126
2. Development of a Mathematical Model......Page 129
3. Computational Aspects......Page 136
4. Dynamical Behaviour of the System at the WECS Connection and Disconnection......Page 137
5. Dynamic Behavior of the System by Wind Fluctuations......Page 144
6. Dynamic Behavior of the System at a Three-Phase Short-Circuit......Page 145
7. Dynamic Behavior of the System at Short-Circuit in the S.G.’ s Excitation......Page 149
Nomenclature......Page 150
Appendix......Page 152
References......Page 153
Abstract......Page 157
1. Introduction......Page 158
2. Multistorey Vertical Axis Wind Turbine......Page 159
3.1.1. Gust Factor......Page 161
3.2. Centrifugal Force......Page 163
3.3. Evaluation of Stress and Deflection......Page 164
4.1. Stress Estimation......Page 165
4.2. Deflection Analysis......Page 166
4.3. Eigen Frequency and Mode Shapes......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 170
References......Page 171
1. Introduction......Page 173
2. Viscosity and Density: Models and Equations......Page 175
3.1. A New Simple Model for Density......Page 176
3.2. A New Simple Model for Kinematic Viscosity......Page 178
4. Predictive Capability of Model......Page 179
5.1. Density of Biodiesel and Its Blends......Page 180
5.2. Kinematic Viscosity of Biodiesels and Its Blends......Page 184
Summary......Page 187
References......Page 188
Abstract......Page 191
1. Introduction......Page 192
2. Experimental Test Rig, Instrumentation and Programme......Page 193
3. Results and Discussions......Page 194
3.1. Performance Analysis......Page 195
3.2. Emission Analysis......Page 196
3.3. Combustion Analysis......Page 199
Conclusion......Page 201
References......Page 202
Abstract......Page 205
1. Introduction......Page 206
2. The ORC Technology......Page 209
2.1. Fluid Selection......Page 210
2.2. Plant Architecture......Page 212
3.1. ORC-Biomass Fed System......Page 217
3.1.1. Biomass Direct Combustion......Page 218
3.1.2. Biomass Gasification......Page 220
3.1.3. Biomass Anaerobic Digestion......Page 221
3.1.4. Waste Heat Recovery from Internal Combustion Engines......Page 222
3.2. ORC and Geothermal Energy......Page 223
3.3. ORCs in Solar Applications......Page 225
3.4. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Using ORC Turbo generators......Page 226
3.5. Waste Heat Recovery......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 229
References......Page 230
Abstract......Page 235
1. Introduction......Page 236
2.1. An Overview of Power Sector in Nigeria......Page 237
2.2. Electricity Access in Nigeria......Page 241
2.3. Energy Resources in Nigeria......Page 243
3. Sustainable Energy Technology(SET) Development......Page 249
3.1. Challenges for Sustainable Energy Technology Development in Nigeria......Page 250
4. Renewable Energy Technologies Deployment......Page 251
4.1. Development of Renewable Energy Technologies in Nigeria......Page 252
4.2.2. Financing and Investment Barriers......Page 254
4.2.5. Standards and Quality Control......Page 255
4.3. Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems......Page 256
4.3.4. Access to Other Fuel Alternatives......Page 257
4.4. Policies and Renewable Energy Resources Initiatives......Page 258
5.1. Establishing a Legal and Regulatory Framework......Page 259
5.5. Increased National Awareness......Page 260
5.8. Renewable Portfolio Standards......Page 261
Conclusion......Page 262
References......Page 263
About the Editor......Page 269
Index......Page 271
