Renewable Energy Production and Distribution: Recent Developments

Front Cover
Renewable Energy Production and Distribution
Renewable Energy Production and Distribution: Recent Developments
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
I - Solar thermal energy
1 - Utilization of mono and hybrid nanofluids in solar thermal collectors
1. Introduction
1.1 Status of solar energy markets
1.2 Solar thermal collectors (ST)
1.3 Enhancement of solar thermal collectors
2. Performance of flat plate solar collector (FPSC) using hybrid nanofluids
3. Performance of evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC) using nonfluids
3.1 Metal nanofluids
3.2 Metal oxide nanofluids
3.3 Carbon nanofluids
3.4 Hybrid or combination nanofluids
4. Performance of concentrated solar collectors using hybrid nanofluids
5. Conclusions
References
2 - Solar air heater performance improvement by photovoltaic-powered thermoelectric heat pumping
1. Introduction
1.1 Designs of solar energy systems
1.2 Thermoelectric-integrated solar energy systems
2. Materials and methods
2.1 System description
2.2 Experimental procedures
3. Results and discussions
3.1 Indoor experiments
3.2 Outdoor experiments
4. Conclusions
References
II - Solar photovoltaic energy
3 - A grid connected PV system based on a reduced delta inverter
1. Introduction
2. PV system
2.1 Description of the PV system
2.2 Description of the PV panel
2.3 DC/DC boost converter
2.4 MPPT controls for DC/DC converters
2.5 Simulation results of the PV system
3. Modeling of the conventional DC/AC inverter connected to the grid
3.1 Structure
3.2 Mathematic model of the grid
3.3 Conventional control strategy
3.3.1 Reactive current iq regulation
3.3.2 DC bus voltage Vdc regulation
4. Modeling of the delta inverter connected to the grid
4.1 Structure of the delta inverter
4.2 Photovoltaic delta inverter configuration
4.3 Photovoltaic delta inverter connected to the grid
4.4 Dedicated control strategy for the photovoltaic delta inverter connected to the grid
4.4.1 DC bus voltage regulation
4.4.2 Reactive current control
4.4.3 SPWM control technique applied to the delta inverter
4.4.3.1 Sandoval SPWM strategy for the delta inverter
4.4.3.2 Own proposed SPWM strategy for the delta inverter
4.4.3.3 Comparative study between the two SPWM strategies
5. Simulation results
6. Experimental results
7. Conclusion
References
4 - An experimental test bench for emulating the standard characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems
1. Introduction
2. PVS general overview
2.1 PV cells technologies
2.1.1 First generation: crystalline silicon
2.1.2 Second generation: inorganic thin film cells and amorphous silicon PV cells
2.1.3 Third generation: future cells
2.2 PV systems topologies and types
2.2.1 PV systems topologies
2.2.2 PV systems types
2.3 PV models
2.3.1 Single exponential real model (SERM)
2.3.2 Double exponential real model (DERM)
2.3.3 Sandia model
2.3.4 Cenerg model
2.4 Static and dynamic parameters extraction of PVS
2.5 Control methods of PVS
3. Proposed PV emulator design
3.1 PV model choice
3.1.1 Comparative study
3.1.2 Matlab/Simulink PV simulator interface
3.2 PV emulator synoptic diagram
4. Real-time (RT) digital simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test of the PVE
4.1 RT PV digital simulation
4.2 HIL test and validation of the PVE controller
5. Experimental test bench and results
6. Conclusion
Appendix
Acknowledgments
References
III - Bioenergy production
5 - Green pellets production and applications in energy sector
1. Introduction
2. Biomass pellets production
2.1 Biomass raw materials: types, composition, and characterization
2.2 The pelletization process
2.3 Pellets characterization
2.3.1 Physical properties
2.3.2 Mechanical properties
2.3.3 Combustion/thermal properties
2.3.4 Chemical properties
3. Pellets combustion
3.1 Domestic use combustion technologies
3.1.1 Wood pellet stoves
3.1.2 Pellets boilers
3.2 Communal and industrial use combustion technologies
3.3 Combined heat and power production at domestic scale
3.4 Biomass based power production
3.4.1 Biomass cofiring
3.4.2 Biomass for power production
4. Conclusion
References
IV - Hydrogen production
6 - Hydrogen production by supercritical water gasification: a review
1. Introduction
2. Supercritical water gasification process
2.1 Supercritical water properties
2.2 The supercritical water gasification of biomass
2.3 Reaction mechanism of hydrogen production by hydrothermal gasification
3. Hydrogen production reactors in supercritical gasification
3.1 Batch process
3.2 Continuous process
3.3 Pilot scale process
4. Effect of operating parameters on hydrogen production in supercritical water gasification
4.1 Temperature
4.2 Feed concentration
4.3 Residence time
4.4 Pressure
4.5 Catalytic supercritical water gasification
4.5.1 Homogeneous catalysts
4.5.2 Heterogeneous catalysts
5. Hydrothermal gasification challenges
6. Conclusion
References
V - Wind energy
7 - Wind energy in Jordan and Palestine: current status and future perspectives
1. Introduction
1.1 Country overview—Jordan
1.2 Country overview—Palestine
1.3 Energy status and renewable energy in Jordan
1.3.1 Energy status
1.3.2 Renewable energy resources
1.4 Energy status and renewable resources in Palestine
1.4.1 Energy status
1.4.2 Renewable energy resources
1.5 Objective and scope of the chapter
2. Wind energy potentials in Jordan and Palestine
2.1 Wind speed and potentials in Jordan
2.2 Wind speed and potentials in Palestine
3. Pilot and commercial projects in Jordan and Palestine
3.1 Pilot and commercial projects in Jordan
3.2 Wind energy projects—Palestine
4. Future perspectives of wind energy in Jordan and Palestine
4.1 Future perspectives for wind energy in Jordan
4.2 Future perspectives for wind energy in Palestine
5. Conclusions
References
VI - Geothermal energy
8 - Tapping hot rocks: a review of petrothermal energy and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs)
1. Introduction
2. Technological retrospective
3. Methodology
3.1 Creation of the reservoir
3.2 Borehole stimulation
3.3 Chemical stimulation
3.4 Monitoring
4. EGS in the context of global deep geothermal energy
4.1 Fenton Hill (United States)
4.2 Rosemanowes Quarry (United Kingdom)
4.3 Hijiori (Japan)
4.4 Soultz-sous-Forêts (France)
4.5 Basel (Switzerland)
5. The technical potential of the example of Germany
6. Discussion and comparison
6.1 HDR versus EGS
6.2 Back to the HDR concept?
6.3 Differences from natural gas and oil fracking
7. Environmental aspects
7.1 Life cycle analysis
7.2 Groundwater protection and scalings
7.3 Induced seismicity
8. Conclusion
References
VII - Hydropower
9 - Retrofitting and Refurbishment of hydropower plants: case studies and novel technologies∗
1. Introduction
2. Benefits of hydropower modernization [104]
3. Dam heightening
4. Waterways and penstocks
4.1 Reduction of the wall roughness by special lining and coating
4.2 Increase of the diameter of the headrace tunnel and shaft or penstock
4.3 Providing a new parallel waterway system for RHPPs
5. Inflow increase and larger equipment
6. Efficiency increase at best efficiency point (BEP)
7. Efficiency improvement at part load
8. Digitalization and flow forecast
9. Integration with other energy sources
10. Environmental and practical considerations
11. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
VIII - Energy storage
10 - Thermocline packed bed thermal energy storage system: a review
1. Introduction
2. Packed bed thermal energy storage system components
2.1 Solid fillers
2.1.1 Sensible material fillers
2.1.2 Phase change material fillers
2.2 Heat transfer fluid
2.3 Wall and insulation
3. Performance evaluation and influence factors
3.1 Performance evaluation indicators
3.1.1 Pressure drop
3.1.2 Heat loss
3.1.3 Level of thermal stratification
3.1.4 Global thermodynamic efficiencies
3.1.5 Cost
3.2 Performance influencing parameters
3.2.1 Operational parameters
3.2.2 Geometrical parameters
4. Types of thermocline packed-bed systems
4.1 Sensible-heat thermocline packed-bed (SHTPB) system
4.1.1 Single-layered sensible-heat thermocline
4.1.2 Multilayered sensible-heat thermocline
4.2 Latent-heat thermocline packed-bed (LHTPB) system
4.2.1 Single-layered latent-heat thermocline
4.2.2 Multilayered latent-heat thermocline
4.3 Heterogeneous-heat thermocline packed-bed (HHTPB) system
5. Numerical models
5.1 Single phase models
5.1.1 One-dimension one-phase (1D-1P)
5.1.2 Two-dimension one-phase (2D-1P)
5.2 Two phase models
5.2.1 One-dimension two-phase Schumann's model (1D-2P Schumann's model)
5.2.2 Two-dimension two-phase model (2D-2P)
5.2.3 One- and two-dimension two-phase dispersion-concentric model (1,2D-2P D-C)
5.3 Three-phase models
5.3.1 One-dimension three-phase (1D-3P) model
5.3.2 Two-dimension three-phase (2D-3P) model
5.3.3 One- and two-dimension three-phase dispersion-concentric model (1,2D-3P D-C)
5.4 Comparison and improvement of models
5.5 Experimental validation cases
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
IX - Smart grids
11 - Long-term load forecasting in the smart grid framework using time series and econometric approaches
1. Introduction
2. Dataset
2.1 Load pattern
2.2 Influencing factors
2.2.1 Population impact
2.2.2 Gross domestic product impact
2.2.3 CO2 emissions impact
2.2.4 Telecommunication technologies impact
3. Time series approaches
3.1 ARIMA models
3.2 Nonlinear autoregressive neuronal network, NAR
4. Econometric approaches
4.1 MLR technique
4.2 NARX technique
5. Performance measurement criteria
6. Simulation results and discussion
7. Conclusion
References
12 - A short review of grid voltage sags and current control techniques of voltage source inverters in distributed ...
1. Introduction
2. Grid faults and voltage sags characteristics
3. Voltage support concept and strategies to determine active and reactive power injected by the VSI during the fault and post ...
3.1 Power injection in case of purely inductive grid impedance: voltage support oriented strategy proposed in Ref. [19]
3.1.1 Voltage support concept in case of purely inductive grid impedance
3.1.2 Constraints and formulation of the references of the injected reactive power and grid current
3.1.2.1 Resolving of constraint 1's requirement
3.1.2.2 Resolving of constraint 2's requirement
3.2 Power injection in case of resistive-inductive grid impedance: voltage support–oriented strategy proposed in Ref. [20]
3.2.1 Voltage support concept in case of resistive–inductive grid impedance
3.2.2 Objectives and optimal formulation of the references of the injected powers and grid current under strategy 1
4. Current control methods
4.1 Control principle
4.2 Voltage oriented control technique in a double dq synchronous reference frame
4.3 Voltage oriented control in the αβ stationary reference frame
4.4 Finite control set model predictive control
5. Conclusion
References
X - Sustainability, policies, and regulations
13 - Sustainable renewable energy policies and regulations, recent advances, and challenges
1. Introduction
2. Energy planning policy advances
3. Renewable energy policy challenges
3.1 Political challenges
3.2 Economic challenges
3.3 Social challenges
3.4 Technical challenges
3.5 Environmental challenges
3.6 Summary of challenges
4. Conclusion and recommendations
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
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