Renewable Energy Based Solutions

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Renewable Energy, Climate Change and Water Resources
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues
3 Climate Change Effects
3.1 Climate Change Adaptation Plan
4 Renewable Energy Desires
4.1 Problems of Fossil Energy Resources
5 Energy-Economy-Environment
6 Water Resources Assessments
7 Combined Discussion
8 Recommendations
9 Conclusions
References
Cities, Climate Change and the Transition of Energy Systems
1 Urban Energy Systems; Policy and Socio-Technical Transitions
2 The Role of City–region Planning in the Energy Transition
3 The Energy Transition with Respect to Urban Governance
References
The Holy Triangle of Science, Technology and Industry for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion
1 Introduction
1.1 The Quest to Convert Solar Energy into Electricity
1.2 The Science, Technology and Industry Triangle
1.3 The Deployment of Photovoltaic Technologies Within the Science, Technology and Industry Triangle
2 Photovoltaic Conversion and Solar Cells
2.1 The Solar Spectrum and Photovoltaic Conversion
2.2 Attempts to Classify Solar Cells
3 Comments on Future of Science, Technology, Industry for Photovoltaic Conversion
References
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources to Power Networks and Smart Grids
1 Introduction
2 Smart Grids
2.1 Traditional Power Grids
2.2 Smart Grid Concept
2.3 Conceptual Model of Smart Grid
2.4 Challenges of Smart Grids
3 Problems Associated with Integration of Renewable Energy Sources to Power Networks and Solution Methods
3.1 Energy Storage Systems
3.2 The Problems to Overcome in the Integration of Distributed Generation Systems to the Grid
3.3 Management of Smart Grids
4 Conclusion
References
Renewable Energy Integration and Zero Energy Buildings
1 Introduction
2 Renewable Energy Integration and Electrification
2.1 Renewable Energy Integration
2.2 Electrification
3 Use of Renewable Energy in Buildings and Legislation
4 Energy Efficiency in Buildings
5 Zero Energy Buildings and Digitalization
5.1 Zero Energy Buildings
5.2 Digitalization
6 Energy Performance Software for Buildings
6.1 BEP—TR Software
6.2 HAP Software
6.3 Energy-Plus Software
6.4 Izoder TS-825 Program
7 Case Study: Determining the Energy Performance of a Selected Building with Three Different Energy Software
7.1 Heat Loss Calculation with Izoder TS-825 Program
7.2 Heat Loss Calculation with MMO Heat Scale
7.3 Heat Loss Calculation with BEP-TR
7.4 Comparison of Heat Loss Analyses
References
Swarm Grids—Distributed Power Grid Control for Distributed Renewable Power Generation
1 Introduction: Swarm-Principle
2 Example for a Swarm Control: Distributed Control of Electric Vehicle Charging
3 Single Device Control
3.1 Grid Control with Voltage Measurements
3.2 Determination of the Grid State with Grid Impedance Measurements
3.3 Voltage Angle Measurement
4 Grid Control with Multiple Devices
4.1 Communication
4.2 Control Aspects
4.3 Determination of the Grid Topology and the Grid State
5 Conclusion
References
Impact of Global Warming on Renewable Energy Potentials and Electricity Production in Turkey
1 Introduction
1.1 Literature Review
1.2 Short Overview of the Existing Studies
2 A Look Solar Radiation and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
2.1 Solar Radiation
2.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
3 Global Warming and Turkey
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mean Average Temperatures in Turkey
3.3 Extreme Meteorological Events Occurring in Turkey
4 Global Warming and Renewable Energy Resources of Turkey
4.1 Introduction
4.2 A Short Look at Electrical Energy Production
4.3 Global Electrical Energy Production from Renewable Resources
4.4 Theoretical Energy Potentials of Renewable Energies in Turkey
4.5 The Impact of Global Warming and Climate Change on the Renewable Energy Potentials in Turkey
5 Conclusions
References
The Need for Dispatchable RES: A Closer Look at the Future Role of CSP in Europe
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure of This Chapter
2 Methodology and Assumptions
2.1 The Applied Modelling System
2.2 Scenarios and Assumptions
3 Results from the Model-Based Analysis on the Need for CSP
3.1 The Uptake of Renewables for Deep Decarbonisation
3.2 The Role of CSP in a Decarbonised European Electricity System of 2050
3.3 Strong Investments into CSP and Other RES Technologies Are Needed in Forthcoming Years
3.4 Support is Needed to Facilitate the Strong Uptake of CSP and Other RES Technologies—But New RES Installations Are Significantly Cheaper Thanks to Technological Progress
3.5 Dedicated Support as Promising Alternative to High Carbon Prices
3.6 There is a Need for and Positive Impact of RES Cooperation on the Cost of the Uptake of CSP and Other RES Technologies
4 Conclusion and Discussion
References
ESCO and EPC Models for Energy Efficiency Transformation
1 Introduction
2 Corporate Process
3 Global Situation
4 Starting Point and Plan to Be Followed Publicly
4.1 ESCO Model
4.2 Sub Models of ESCO-EPC
5 Facilitators, Restrictions, and Requirements, What Are the Facilitating Approaches?
6 Review of Good Practices
7 Recommendations for Successful Implementation
8 Conclusion
References
Better Economics for Better Energy
1 Introduction
2 What’s in a Word?
3 Better Economics for a Better Environment
4 Better Policy for Climate Change and Renewable Energy
5 Better Direction for Private Investments for Climate Change and Energy
6 Learning from the UK and Turkey Examples
6.1 Having a Shared Vision
6.2 Creation of Regulated Markets
6.3 Private Sector Engagement
6.4 Supporting Technology and Learning
6.5 Pressure from Stakeholders
References
Leveraging Knowledge on Renewable Energy in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Region
1 The South Mediterranean Framework Enabling the Implementation and Adoption of Renewable Energy
1.1 Why Renewable Energy Should Be Used in the Southwestern Mediterranean Region?
1.2 Renewable Energy Potential in the Southwestern Mediterranean Region
1.3 Analysis of Energy Policies and the Institutional and Regulatory Framework by Country
1.4 Evolution of the Electricity Generation by Source for the Southwestern Mediterranean Countries (2005–2019)
1.5 Modest Evolution of RE in the Region: Constraints and Limitations
2 Research and Innovation Capacities Supporting the Renewable Energy Transition in South Mediterranean Countries
2.1 Scientific Production in South Mediterranean Countries
2.2 Innovation in the South Mediterranean Countries
2.3 Empowering Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Research Cooperation: The EU-Med Research Programs
3 Conclusion
References
Hybrid Energy System Design Combining Solar Energy with Lignite Coal and Forest Residue
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Location of the HES
2.2 Electricity Generation from LC and FR
2.3 Solar Energy Potential of the Proposed HPP Location
2.4 Load Profile of the HPP
2.5 Components of the HES
2.6 Economic Definitions and Formulas in HOMER
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Integration of Renewable Energy to Trigeneration Systems for Rural Sustainability in Developing Countries
1 Introduction
2 Biomass Powered Trigeneration System
3 Geothermal Powered Trigeneration System
4 Solar Powered Trigeneration System
5 Environmental Concerns
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Wave Energy Conversion Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Types of Wave Energy Converters
3 Power Take-off (PTO) Systems
4 Moorings
5 Numerical Analysis Methods
6 Cost Analysis
References
Towards More Geothermal Energy in Turkey
1 Introduction
2 Transition to Zero Carbon Economy
3 Assessment of Current Situation of Geothermal in Turkey
4 Investments in Geothermal Power
5 A Simple Business Model for Profitable Investments
6 Conclusions
References
Transition Period to Renewable Energy Usage: Turkey Case
1 Introduction
2 Europe’s Renewable Adventure
3 European Union Effect
4 Common Issues
5 Feed-In-Tariff Mechanism (YEKDEM)
6 Alternative System—RE-ZONE (YEKA)
7 Hydro Case
8 Wind Case
9 Solar PV Case
10 Geothermal Case
11 Biomass and LFG Case
12 Today’s Numbers and Future
13 IRENA Innovation Toolbox
14 Conclusions
Bioenergy Production by Anaerobic Digestion: Using on Campus Biomass and Food Wastes
1 Introduction
2 Types of Biofuels Based on Biomass Conversion Technologies
2.1 Gaseous Bio Fuels
2.2 Liquid Biofuels
3 Global Food Waste
3.1 Food Waste Policies and Regulations
4 Campus Restaurants Food Waste
5 Technologies for Bio Energy Generation from Food Waste
5.1 Anaerobic Conversion of Food Waste (FW) into Methane
5.2 Combined Heat and Power
5.3 Biogas Reactor for a Restaurant
5.4 Case Studies
5.5 Life Cycle Impacts of Food Waste to Energy Conversion
6 Conclusions
References
Energy Storage Techniques for Renewables
1 Energy Storage
1.1 Need for Energy Storage in Renewables
1.2 Working Principles of ES Systems
1.3 Energy Storage Methods
1.4 Mechanical Energy Storage Systems for Renewable
1.5 Thermal Energy Storage
1.6 Synthetic Natural Gas
1.7 Hydrogen
1.8 Liquid Natural Gas
1.9 Ammonia
2 Conclusions
References
Performance Improving of Low Temperature Geothermal Sources with the Assist of a Solar Pond
1 Introduction
2 System Description
3 Analysis of the System Components
3.1 Solar Pond
3.2 Energy of the Solar Pond
3.3 Heat Exchanger
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Thermal Energy Storage Performance Analysis of Different Model Solar Ponds
1 Introduction
2 The Experimental Solar Ponds
2.1 Solar Radiation Reaching the Solar Pond
2.2 The Measurement of the Temperature
2.3 The Measurement of the Density
3 Experimental Procedure of the Cylindrical Solar Pond (CSP)
3.1 The HSZ of the CSP
3.2 The NCZ of the CSP
3.3 The UCZ of the CSP
4 Experimental Procedure of the Rectangular Solar Pond (RSP)
4.1 The HSZ of the RSP
4.2 The NCZ of the RSP
4.3 The UCZ of the RSP
5 Energy Analysis of the CSP and RSP
5.1 Energy Balance Equation of the CSP
5.2 Energy Balance Equation of the RSP
6 Results and Discussion
7 Conclusion
References
Operation Adjustment of a Cold Thermal Energy Storage
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Exergy Analysis
2.2 TRNSYS Model
3 Case Study: University of Idaho Cold TES
4 System Analysis
4.1 Empirical Model
4.2 TRNSYS Model
5 Results and Discussion
6 Validation
7 Conclusions
References
A Wind Energy-Based Cogeneration System for Energy and Fresh Water Production
1 Introduction
2 System Description
2.1 System Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Investigation of a Solar Energy- Based Trigeneration System
1 Introduction
2 System Description
2.1 Solar Tower (ST)
2.2 Brayton Cycle (BC)
2.3 Reheat Rankine Cycle (RRC)
2.4 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (ARC)
3 Modelling and Analysis
3.1 Brayton Cycle (BC)
3.2 Reheat Rankine Cycle (RRC)
3.3 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (ARC)
3.4 Overall System Energy and Exergy Efficiencies
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 System and Sub-system Useful Outputs
4.2 The Effect of Inlet Temperature on System Efficiencies
4.3 The Effect of Outlet Temperature on System Efficiencies
5 Conclusions
References
A Comprehensive Exergy-Based Outlook of Renewable Technology Integration for the Fifth Generation District Energy Systems
1 Introduction
1.1 Quality of Renewable Energy
1.2 Wide Availability of Low-Exergy Heat Sources
1.3 The Conflict Between the Existing Building Stock and Low-Temperature Heating
1.4 Fifth Generation District Heating (5DE) Challenges
1.5 Centralized or De-centralized Peaking
1.6 Quality or Quantity of Renewable Energy Sources
1.7 CO2 Emission Responsibility of not Utilizing Available Solar Insolation Areas
2 Primary Metrics
3 Development of the Model
3.1 Temperature Peaking with Heat Pumps
3.2 Equipment Oversizing
3.3 Exergy-Based Limits on Deep Geothermal Technology
3.4 Wind Energy and Heat Pumps
3.5 Renewable District Energy Systems and the Maximum Distance
4 Case Study and Results
5 Discussion of Results and Conclusions
References
Investigating Thermodynamic Assessment of Geothermal Power Systems for Green Applications
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Impacts in Power Production Section
3 Case Study
3.1 Plant Description and Modeling
3.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
3.3 Formulations for Plant Efficiency
4 Results
5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
CO2 Capture and Utilization for Fuel Synthesis
1 Introduction
2 CO2 Capture Process
2.1 Description of Methods and Technologies
2.2 Modeling of the CO2 Separation Technologies
3 CO2 Utilization for Fuel Synthesis
3.1 A Description of Novel Technologies for CO2 Utilization
3.2 Modeling of the Novel Components
4 Conclusions
References
Hydrogen Related Technologies and Application a Major Pathway for the Energy Transition
1 Introduction
1.1 Most Influential NGO’S in the UNFCCC
1.2 Irena
2 European Green Deal
2.1 Action Plan (Strategy)
2.2 Impact of the Green Deal on Growth
2.3 Mitigations and Adaptations
2.4 Financial Support
2.5 European Commission Sustainable Blue Economy Plan
2.6 European Industrial Strategy
3 Hydrogen Color Spectrum
3.1 How Friendly is Blue Hydrogen?
3.2 Accelerating Green Hydrogen Utilization
3.3 Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction
3.4 Green Hydrogen in the Global Market
3.5 Stability, Efficiency, and Flexibility
3.6 Hydrogen Application
4 EU Hydrogen Strategy
4.1 Other Programs Introduced by Other Countries
4.2 Challenges Facing Green Hydrogen Transition
4.3 Emerging Hydrogen Technologies Accelerating Green Hydrogen Utilization
4.4 Use of the Biomethane Mixed with Hydrogen European Infrastructure
4.5 Potential for Hydrogen Production
5 Obstacles Facing Renewable Energy Policies Regarding Decision Makers, Implementations, and Its Finance
5.1 Financial Obstacles
5.2 Research and Institutional Role in Financing
5.3 Possible Environment and Regional Issues
6 Hydrogen Technologies Road Map for Turkey (Hydrogen Technologies Association ISTANBUL 2021)
6.1 Covid-19 and Hydrogen
6.2 Road Map to Hydrogen Transition to Be Followed in Turkey
6.3 Private Sector’s Role in the Hydrogen Roadmap
6.4 Hydrogen Opportunities in Transportation Sector
7 Conclusions
References
Current Status and Future Prospects of Power-To-Hydrogen Towards 100% Renewable Energy
1 Introduction
2 Renewable Power-To-Hydrogen
3 Renewable Power-To-Hydrogen Production Methods
3.1 Electrolysis
3.2 High Temperature Electrolysis
3.3 Hybrid Thermochemical Cycles
4 Current Status of Renewable Power-To-Hydrogen
4.1 Electrolysis Options
4.2 All Renewable Power-To-Hydrogen Options
5 Future Prospects of Renewable Power-To-Hydrogen
6 Conclusions
References
Green Hydrogen in Europe
1 Introduction: Early Interest in Green Hydrogen Since 1975
2 Green Hydrogen Newly on the Agenda Today
3 The Hydrogen Markets of Today
4 The Challenge of Up-Scaling GH Development in the Energy Markets
5 The RE Power Penetration Achieved in the Markets Since the Year 2000
6 EU and Country Strategies for Green Hydrogen
7 Well-Established Industry with New Interest in GH: Initiatives and Projects
8 Outlook
Hydrogen Utilization in Ships in Line with EU Green Deal Goals
1 Introduction
1.1 Global Warming and Climate Change Problem
1.2 The Environmental Impact of Maritime Trade and Regulations
2 EU Green Deal and Maritime Transport
3 Reducing Emission by Using Hydrogen in the Maritime Sector
3.1 Hydrogen Energy System
3.2 Hydrogen as a Marine Fuel
3.3 The Base of Hydrogen Technologies: Fuel Cells
3.4 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Types
4 Fuel Cell Projects in Shipping
5 Result and Conclusions
References
Biomass Value—Production of H2 as an Energy Carrier
1 Introduction
2 Biomass
3 Hydrogen Production Methods from Biomass
3.1 Thermochemical Methods
3.2 Biochemical Methods
4 Conclusions
References
Comparative Hazard and Environmental Assessment for Hydrogen and Formic Acid Production, Storage, and Utilization for Renewables
1 Introduction
1.1 Hazards
1.2 Health
1.3 Environmental
1.4 Handling and Storage
1.5 Ecological Information
1.6 Mitigation Measures
2 Environmental Impact Assessment of Formic Acid Formation Using CO2 and CO
2.1 Producing Formic Acid by Methyl Formate
2.2 Producing Formic Acid by CO2 and H2
3 Comparison of Methods
4 Risk Assessment
5 Conclusions
References