This book sheds new light on the relationship between religion and state in early modern Japan, and demonstrates the growing awareness of Shinto in both the political and the intellectual elite of Tokugawa Japan, even though Buddhism remained the privileged means of stately religious control.
The first part analyses how the Tokugawa government aimed to control the populace via Buddhism and at the same time submitted Buddhism to the sacralization of the Tokugawa dynasty. The second part focuses on the religious protests throughout the entire period, with chapters on the suppression of Christians, heterodox Buddhist sects, and unwanted folk practitioners. The third part tackles the question of why early Tokugawa Confucianism was particularly interested in “Shinto” as an alternative to Buddhism and what “Shinto” actually meant from a Confucian stance.
The final part of the book explores attempts to curtail the institutional power of Buddhism by reforming Shinto shrines, an important step in the so called “Shintoization of shrines” including the development of a self-contained Shinto clergy.
Author(s): Stefan Köck, Brigitte Pickl-Kolaczia, Bernhard Scheid
Series: Bloomsbury Shinto Studies
Publisher: Bloomsbury Academic
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 304
City: London
Cover page
Halftitle page
Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Illustrations
Preface
Editorial Conventions
Introduction Tokugawa Religious Orthopraxy and the Phenomenon of Domain Shinto
Religious Orthopraxy and its Challenges: The Chapters within This Volume
Domain Shinto
Conclusion
Part One Tokugawa Orthopraxy
1 Anti-Christian Temple Certification (terauke) in Early Modern Japan Establishment, Practice, and Challenges
The Establishment of Temple Certification
The Practice of Temple Certification
Challenges to Temple Certification
Epilogue
2 Ieyasu’s Posthumous Title and the Tokugawa Discourse on “Divine Country”
The Discourse on the “Divine Country” and its Development
The shinkoku Discourse of the “Holders of the Realm”
The Significance of Ieyasu’s Divine Title
Shinkoku in Tōshōgū Ritualism
Epilogue
Part Two Unwanted Religious Groups
3 Anti-Christian Measures in Nagasaki During the Early Edo Period (1614–44)
The Destruction of Christian Institutions
The Appropriation of Christian Space
Buddhist Temples in the Anti-Christian Policy
The Establishment of Buddhist Temples
The Establishment of Shinto Shrines
Shrines in the Anti-Christian Policy
Conclusion
4 When the Lotus Went Underground The Nichiren Buddhist Fujufuse Movement and Its Early Modern Persecution
A Controversy Emerges
The Great Buddha Memorial Rites and Nichiō’s Dissent
The Conflict Moves East
Accommodationist Attacks and Fujufuse Resistance
The Kanbun-Era Persecution
Conclusion
5 “Deviant Practices” and “Strange Acts” Late Tokugawa Judicial Perspectives on Heteropraxy
Rules and Precedents
Propagation of Deviant Practices: Hiji Hōmon
Charlatanry and Clerical Imprecations
The Kirishitan Issue
Conclusion
Part Three Intellectual Challenges
6 Shinto as a Quasi-Confucian Ideology
Religious Policies in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century
The Ideology behind the Shrine Regulations and the Resurrection of Ancient Shrines
Reconsidering the Unity of Shinto and Confucianism: Shinto as Martial Confucianism
The Formative Process of Quasi-Confucianism
Conclusion
7 Buddhist-Confucian Polemics and the Position of Shinto
Polemics
The Position of Shinto
Conclusions
8 Ikeda Mitsumasa and Confucian Ritual
Phase 1: Mitsumasa’s Early Engagement with Shingaku
Phase 2: Mitsumasa’s Evolving Approach to Governance
Phase 3: Public Shift of Confucian Sectarian Allegiance
Phase 4: Converting the Okayama Domain—Religious Reform, Confucian Education, Ritual, and the Peasantry
Phase 5: Tsunamasa’s Change of Style
Conclusion
9 Calendars and Graves Shibukawa Harumi’s Criticism of Hoshina Masayuki and Yamazaki Ansai
Introduction: The Calendar Reform of Shibukawa Harumi
The Salon of Hoshina Masayuki
History of the Chinese Calendar
The Nihon chōreki
Funerals and Cemeteries
Harumi’s Criticism
Final Considerations
Part Four Institutional Challenges
10 Shinto in the 1660s and 1670s The Shrine Clauses of 1665 as an Expression of Domain Shinto
The Shrine Clauses and the Control of “Faith”
Izumo
Hie
Conclusion
11 Domain Shinto and shintō-uke in Okayama-han
Introduction: A Reappraisal of Shinto Shrines in Early Tokugawa Japan
Initial Reforms: Destruction of Shrines
Steps toward an Alternative Mode of Religious Certifi cation
Buddhist Persecution in Okayama
The Implementation of shintō-uke Certification
Matsuoka Ichinosuke’s Role in Establishing hanryō shint ō in Okayama
Concluding Remarks
12 “Kami is kami, Buddha is Buddha” Religious Policies in Mito Domain in the Later Seventeenth Century
Measures against Buddhist Temples
Shintoization of Shrines
Hachiman aratame: Measures Against Hachiman Shrines
The Development of Non-Buddhist Funerals in Mito
Conclusion
13 Shinto Priests and the Yoshida in Izumi Province
The Case of Ōiseki Shrine
The Case of Ikeda Kasuga Shrine
Benefits and Costs of Yoshida Affiliation
Conclusion
14 Competing Claims for the Faith and Affiliation of Shrine Priests The Shirakawa, Yoshida, and Hirata Atsutane
Hirata Atsutane and the Shirakawa House
Hirata Atsutane and the Yoshida House
Conflicts over Priests Switching Affiliation in Mikawa
Conclusion
Notes
References
Contributors
Index
