Regional Climate Studies of China

3540792414......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
1.2 Characteristics of the onset of Asian summer monsoon......Page 21
1.2.1 The earliest onset of Asian summer monsoon and the regional characteristics......Page 22
1.2.2 Large-scale characteristics of Asian summer monsoon onset......Page 26
1.2.3 The importance of Asian-Australian "land bridge" in the onset......Page 32
1.3 Features of vertically integrated moisture transport......Page 33
1.3.1 Seasonal distribution......Page 34
1.3.2 Seasonal transition features......Page 35
1.4 "Climate effect" of the Northeast Cold Vortex and its influence on Meiyu......Page 43
1.4.1 Relationship between the Northeast Cold Vortex and Meiyu rainfall amount......Page 45
1.4.2 Possible mechanisms of the influences of the Northeast Cold Vortex on Meiyu......Page 46
1.4.3 Relationship between SST in the North Pacific and Northeast Cold Vortex......Page 50
1.5 Droughts-floods coexistence (DFC) during the normal summer monsoons in the mid- and lower reaches of the Yangtze River......Page 51
1.5.1 Precipitation distribution features of DFC summers......Page 52
1.5.2 Circulation features of the strong DFC summers......Page 54
1.5.3 SST features of the strong DFC summers......Page 57
1.6 Conclusions and some outstanding issues......Page 58
References......Page 59
2.1 Introduction......Page 65
2.2 Reconstructed climate of China......Page 66
2.2.1 Loess......Page 68
2.2.2 Ice cores......Page 69
2.2.4 Historical documents......Page 70
2.2.6 Pollen......Page 71
2.3 Climate simulation of the last 1000 years......Page 72
2.3.2 Reconstruction data......Page 73
2.3.3 Model and data comparison......Page 74
2.4.1 Model description......Page 77
2.4.3 Analyses of simulation......Page 78
2.5 Palaeoclimate simulations of mid-Holocene and LGM......Page 84
2.5.1 The 6 ka BP climate simulations......Page 86
2.5.2 The 21 ka BP climate simulations......Page 96
2.6 Summary......Page 103
References......Page 105
3.1 Introduction......Page 113
3.2 Interdecadal oceanic anomalies in the North Pacific......Page 115
3.3.1 Winter......Page 117
3.4 Interdecadal climate anomalies in China......Page 119
3.4.2 Summer......Page 121
3.5.1 In the developing phase of an ENSO event......Page 123
3.5.2 In the decaying phase of an ENSO event......Page 126
3.6 Summary......Page 129
References......Page 131
4.1.1 ENSO and its global impacts......Page 134
4.1.2 Understanding the ENSO-China climate relations before 1995......Page 135
4.1.4 Issues in the recent decades......Page 136
4.2.1 Droughts and floods in China......Page 137
4.2.2 Hot and cold summer climate in China......Page 139
4.3 Circulation changes with ENSO......Page 140
4.3.1 Western Pacific subtropical high......Page 141
4.3.2 East Asian summer monsoon......Page 142
4.3.3 South China Sea summer monsoon......Page 143
4.4 Influence of IOD on the East Asian summer monsoon......Page 144
4.4.1 IOD phenomenon......Page 145
4.4.2 IOD teleconnections in the unusual summer of 1994......Page 147
4.4.3 Individual influences of IOD and ENSO......Page 154
4.4.4 Interference of IOD in the ENSO-EASM relation......Page 158
4.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 162
References......Page 164
5.1 Introduction......Page 170
5.2.1 Formation of Asia inland arid/semi-arid regions as seen from Leoss deposition......Page 174
5.2.2 Stepwise expansion of desert environment across northern China in the past 3.5 Ma and dry-wet oscillation on earth orbit time scale......Page 178
5.2.3 Aridity trend in northwestern China during last 30 ka as seen from lake sediment records......Page 184
5.3.1 Dry-wet oscillation on centennial to decadal time scales......Page 186
5.3.2 Evidences of aridity trend from historical documents and instrumental observations......Page 188
5.3.3 Global aspects of aridity trend......Page 191
5.3.4 Semi-arid region – the area with most significant aridity trend......Page 192
5.4.1 Correlations between North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO) and eastern China wet/dry oscillation......Page 195
5.4.2 Interdecadal variation of aridity trend in northern China associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)......Page 197
5.4.3 Interdecadal variability of Southern Oscillation and Walker Circulation and their relationships with Asian summer monsoon......Page 199
5.5.1 Intensified field observation of water, energy and CO2 fluxes over semi-arid area of China......Page 200
5.5.2 Validation of land surface model based on field observations over semi-arid area of China......Page 209
5.6.1 Impacts of human activity on river runoff in the northern area of China......Page 213
5.6.2 Impact of land surface degradation in northern China on regional climate......Page 218
5.7 Conclusions......Page 223
References......Page 225
6.1 Introduction......Page 233
6.2.1 Computational methods of the atmospheric heat source/sink......Page 235
6.2.2 Climatological distribution of the atmospheric heat source/sink......Page 237
6.2.3 Temporal variation of atmospheric heat source/sink......Page 238
6.3.1 Sensible heat driven air-pump (SHAP) over the TP......Page 240
6.3.2 Simulation on the dynamic-thermodynamic effect of the TP......Page 246
6.4 Plateau snow anomalies and its climate effects......Page 250
6.4.1 Climatological features of the winter snow......Page 251
6.4.2 Statistical relationship between snow anomaly and precipitation......Page 252
6.4.3 Simulations of the effect of snow on precipitation......Page 255
6.5 The nature of the South Asia High and its climate effects......Page 261
6.5.1 Seasonal variation of SAH......Page 262
6.5.2 Bimodality of the SAH in the seasonal cycle......Page 263
6.5.3 Climate effects of SAH on the regional climate......Page 266
6.6.1 Seasonal east-west movement of the EASWJ core......Page 267
6.6.2 Bimodality of the EASWJ core in midsummer......Page 269
6.7 Stratus generated by the TP and its possible climate effects......Page 270
6.7.1 Cloud–radiative forcing over East Asia......Page 271
6.7.2 Formation of the nimbostratus and altostratus clouds......Page 272
6.7.3 Stratus cloud–climate feedback over the lee side of the TP......Page 273
6.7.4 Impacts of the Plateau stratus cloud deck on east China climate......Page 275
6.8 Conclusions......Page 277
References......Page 280
7.1 Introduction......Page 285
7.2.1 Soil moisture measurement in China......Page 287
7.2.2 Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil moisture......Page 288
7.3.1 A scheme retrieving soil moisture with climatic variables in Eastern China and its application......Page 301
7.3.2 Soil moisture retrieval from remote sensing data and its application......Page 312
7.4.1 Soil moisture and climatic interannual variability......Page 316
7.4.2 Correlation between area average soil moisture and climate variation......Page 319
7.5 Summary and discussions......Page 322
References......Page 323
8.1 Introduction......Page 327
8.2 Temperature extremes......Page 328
8.2.1 Maximum and minimum temperatures......Page 329
8.2.2 Warm days and cool days......Page 330
8.2.4 Hot days and frost days......Page 332
8.3.1 Total precipitation......Page 334
8.3.2 Frequency and intensity of precipitation......Page 335
8.3.3 Extreme precipitation......Page 336
8.3.4 Wet spells......Page 337
8.4.1 Tropical cyclones......Page 338
8.4.2 Extra-tropical cyclones......Page 341
8.5 Droughts......Page 343
8.6 Dust storms......Page 345
8.7 Changes in climate extreme in associated with the mean state......Page 349
8.7.1 Changes in temperature extremes and mean temperature......Page 350
8.7.2 Changes in extreme and total precipitation......Page 351
8.8 Summary......Page 352
References......Page 353
9.1 Introduction......Page 359
9.2.1 Framework of RIEMS......Page 362
9.2.2 Validation of RIEMS......Page 367
9.3 Simulation of climate of China and East Asia through inter-comparison of a set of regional climate models......Page 369
9.3.1 Project Design......Page 370
9.3.2 Phas e one of RMIP......Page 371
9.3.3 Phase two of RMIP......Page 375
9.4.1 Ensemble Methods......Page 386
9.4.2 Mean climate and biases......Page 387
9.4.3 Cross validation of ensemble results......Page 390
9.4.4 Conclusions......Page 391
9.5 Effects of increasing greenhouse gases and aerosols on regional climate of East Asia......Page 392
9.5.1 Future climate simulated by RIEMS-GOALS under the scenario of increased CO[sub(2)] emission......Page 394
9.5.2 Impacts of aerosols on East Asia monsoon climate......Page 397
9.6 Impact of human-induced large-scale land cover changes on the East Asian monsoon climate in RCM simulations......Page 404
9.6.1 History of land-cover/-use changes over East Asia......Page 405
9.6.2 Design of the numerical experiments......Page 406
9.6.3 Changes of surface dynamic parameters under two vegetation coverages......Page 407
9.6.4 Changes of the East Asia monsoon by human-induced land-cover changes......Page 408
9.7 Summary......Page 411
References......Page 412
10.1 Introduction......Page 423
10.2.1 Global climate modeling......Page 425
10.2.2 Regional climate modeling......Page 430
10.2.3 Statistical downscaling......Page 432
10.3.1 Global climate modeling......Page 435
10.3.2 Regional climate modeling......Page 439
10.3.3 Statistical downscaling......Page 441
10.4.1 Extreme temperature......Page 442
10.4.3 Extreme climate indicators......Page 446
10.5 Conclusions and discussions......Page 452
References......Page 456
11.2 Impacts of climate change on water cycle and water resources......Page 461
11.2.1 Impact of climate change on runoff......Page 462
11.2.2 Impact of climate change on evaporation......Page 464
11.2.3 Impact of climate change on water supply-demand balance......Page 465
11.3.1 Impact of climate change on cropping system......Page 466
11.3.2 Impact of climate change on crop potential productivity......Page 468
11.3.3 Impact of global warming on crop yield......Page 469
11.3.4 Severe agrometeorological disasters caused by the climate change......Page 470
11.3.5 Impact of climate warming on the crop diseases and insect pests......Page 471
11.3.6 Adaptation to the climate change......Page 473
11.4 Summary and rospect......Page 474
References......Page 476
C......Page 479
G......Page 480
I......Page 481
M......Page 482
R......Page 483
T......Page 484
W......Page 485
D......Page 486
L......Page 487
R......Page 488
W......Page 489
Z......Page 490