Regenerative Medicine in China

Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
About the Editor
Contributors
1: Introduction to the Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
1.1 A Brief History of the Development of War Wound Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine
1.1.1 A Brief Review of the Development of Traumatic Repair Medicine in the World War
1.1.2 A Brief History of the Development of Trauma Repair in Ancient China
1.1.3 The Promotion of Science and Technology Development in the Development of Trauma Repair and Tissue Regeneration
1.1.3.1 Disinfection, Anesthesia, Hemostasis, and Blood Transfusion Provide a Good Foundation for the Establishment of Modern Trauma Repair Surgery
Infection
Pain
Bleeding
1.1.3.2 The Establishment and Development of Immunology Provide a Basis for Breakthroughs in Various Types of Transplantation
1.1.3.3 The Emergence of Microsurgery Provides a New Technical Means for Trauma Repair Surgery
1.1.3.4 The Application of Bioengineering and Various Materials Has Broadened the Field for Wound Repair
1.1.3.5 Information Network Builds a Platform for Improving the Level of Wound Repair
1.1.3.6 Digital Medicine Provides Guarantee for Accurate Wound Repair
1.1.3.7 New Technologies and Methods of Regenerative Medicine Represented by Growth Factors, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy Technologies Show a Bright Future for Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration
1.2 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine in Military Medicine
1.2.1 Overview
1.2.2 The Development of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine After the Trauma of Our Military
1.2.3 The Future Development of Posttraumatic Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine
1.3 Wound Tissue Repair and Regeneration Concept
1.3.1 Repair and Repair “Out of Control”
1.3.1.1 Hypertrophic Scar
1.3.1.2 Keloid
1.3.1.3 Scar Ulcer or Unstable Scar
1.3.1.4 Scar Cancer
1.3.2 Compensation and Remodeling
1.3.2.1 Compensation
1.3.2.2 Remodeling
1.3.3 New Concepts Involved in Wound Repair
1.3.3.1 Growth Factor
1.3.3.2 Cytokine
1.3.3.3 Gene Therapy
1.3.3.4 Cell Therapy
1.3.3.5 Stem Cell
1.3.3.6 Tissue Engineering
1.3.3.7 Regenerative Medicine
1.3.3.8 Others
1.4 Classification of Wound Tissue Repair and Regeneration
1.4.1 The Classification of Wounds
1.4.1.1 Injury Part
1.4.1.2 Cause of Injuries
Gunshot Wound
Impact Injury
Thermal Injury and Chemical Injury Wound
Combined Wound
1.4.1.3 Injury Type
1.4.1.4 Injury Severity
1.4.1.5 Others
Divided by Different Operational Environments
Divided by the Anatomy System
Others
1.4.2 Classification of Wound Healing and Regeneration
1.4.2.1 Classification of Wound Healing
First-Stage Healing
1.4.2.2 Second-Stage Healing
Healing Under Scab
1.4.2.3 Classification of Regeneration
Physiological Regeneration
Pathological Regeneration
1.5 Characteristics of Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
1.5.1 The Main Features of Tissue Repair After Trauma
1.5.1.1 Characteristics of Modern War Wounds
1.5.1.2 Characteristics of Modern War Wound Tissue Repair
Debridement Is the Basis of Later Tissue Repair
Delayed Closure of the First Phase After Debridement Is the Principle of Repairing Wound Tissue
Accurate Amputation Level Is the Feature of War Wound Tissue Repair
1.5.2 The Characteristics of Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research in the Modern Warfare of Foreign Military
1.5.2.1 Limb Trauma and Regenerative Medicine
1.5.2.2 Pain Management
1.5.2.3 Clinical Trials and Transformation Studies
1.5.3 The Characteristics of Wound Ballistics in Modern Warfare and the Principle of Postinjury Tissue Repair
1.5.3.1 The Characteristics of Modern War Wounds in Wound Ballistics
1.5.3.2 Tissue Repair of Ballistic Wounds
1.6 The Basic Process of Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
1.6.1 The Basic Pathophysiological Process of Wound Healing
1.6.1.1 Bleeding and Coagulation Process
1.6.1.2 Inflammatory Response Period
Immune Response
Vascular Permeability
1.6.1.3 Granulation Tissue Proliferative Phase
1.6.1.4 Scar Formation Period
1.6.2 The Characteristics and Repair of Gunshot Wounds
1.6.2.1 Characteristics of Gunshot Wound
1.6.2.2 Repair Principle of Gunshot Wound
1.6.3 Soft Tissue Blast Injury
1.6.3.1 Classification of Modern Soft Tissue Blast Injuries
1.6.3.2 Clinical Features of Blast Injury
Multiple Sites, Multiple Organs, Multiple Tissue Damage
Severe Soft Tissue Defect
Complex Infection, Difficult to Handle
High Limb Damage Rate, Heavy Functional Impact, Difficult to Repair
E. Delayed Delivery, Delay the Best Treatment Opportunity
1.6.3.3 Repair of Explosive Injuries
1.7 Progress and Prospects of Research on Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
1.7.1 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from Local Tissue Repair to Overall (Whole Body) Repair
1.7.2 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from Passive Repair to Active Repair
1.7.3 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from Anatomical Repair to Functional Restoration
1.7.4 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from the Emphasis on Basic Research to Clinical Transformation and Precision Treatment
References
2: Cellular Basis for Tissue Regeneration: Cellular Dedifferentiation
2.1 The Prevalence of Cellular Dedifferentiation and the Significance of Tissue Repair and Regeneration
2.1.1 Tissue Regeneration: From Lower Animals to Mammals and Cellular Dedifferentiation
2.1.2 The Definition of Cell Dedifferentiation
2.1.3 Epidermal Cell Dedifferentiation and Skin Regeneration
2.1.4 Renal Cell Dedifferentiation and Kidney Regeneration
2.1.5 Cardiomyocyte Dedifferentiation and Heart Regeneration
2.1.6 Visual Cell Dedifferentiation and Retinal Regeneration
2.1.7 Dedifferentiation of Bone Cells and Muscle Cells and Musculoskeletal Regeneration
2.1.8 Schwann Cell Dedifferentiation and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
2.1.9 Dedifferentiation or Reprogramming of Somatic Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells
2.1.10 Perspectives
2.2 Dedifferentiation of Epidermal Cells and Sweat Gland Regeneration
2.2.1 A Huge Controversy Brought by an Accidental Discovery
2.2.2 Giving a Correct Explanation to the Academic World through Hardship
2.2.3 The Original Discovery of Cellular Dedifferentiation Is Used to Guide the Clinical Research on Sweat Gland Regeneration
2.2.4 The Perception and Experience Gained from the Experiment in the Past Ten Years
2.3 Cellular Dedifferentiation and Synchronized Repair and Regeneration of Complex Tissues In Situ
2.3.1 Difficulties and Breakthroughs in Repair and Regeneration of Complex Tissues: Cellular Dedifferentiation
2.3.2 The Study Model of In Situ Synchronized Regeneration of Complex Tissues
2.3.2.1 The Fin Regeneration of Zebrafish
2.3.2.2 Salamanders Limb Regeneration
2.3.2.3 Mouse Toe Tip Regeneration
2.3.2.4 Zebrafish and Neonatal Mouse Heart Regeneration
2.3.3 The Cellular Basis of Limb Regeneration: Blastema and Cellular Dedifferentiation
2.3.3.1 Cellular Dedifferentiation: The Basis of Blastema
Salamander Limb Blastema Formation
Zebrafish Fin Blastema
Mouse Toe Blastema
2.3.3.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Dedifferentiation, Proliferation, and Blastema Formation
2.3.4 Differences in Cellular Dedifferentiation Potential and Regeneration
2.3.5 Cellular Dedifferentiation Potential and Cell Cycle
2.3.6 Inducing Cellular Dedifferentiation to Promote In Situ Synchronized Regeneration of Complex Mammalian Tissues
References
3: Molecular and Genetic Basis for Tissue Repair and Regeneration
3.1 Genes Involved in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
3.1.1 The Four Genes of iPS Cells
3.1.1.1 Introduction of iPS Cell Gene Function
Oct4 Gene Function
Sox2 Function
Klf4 Function
C-Myc Function
3.1.2 Development-Related Genes
3.1.2.1 Homeobox Gene
3.1.2.2 MicroRNA and Development
MicroRNA Is Involved in Tissue Development
MicroRNA and Heart Development
MicroRNA and Nervous System Development
3.1.2.3 Development-Related Genes and Tissue Repair
Wnt Gene
Lin28a Gene
Smed-Prep Gene
3.1.3 Tumor-Related Genes
3.1.3.1 Proto-Oncogene
Extracellular Growth Factor
Transmembrane Growth Factor Receptor
Intracellular Signalosome
Nuclear Transcription Factor
3.1.3.2 Tumor Suppressor Gene
Retinoblastoma Gene (Rb Gene)
P53 Gene
3.2 Protein Molecules Involved in Tissue Repair and Regeneration Regulation
3.2.1 Growth Factor Protein
3.2.1.1 FGF—Fibroblast Growth Factor
Establish FGF-Efficient Secretion Expression System
The First Structural Transformation of FGF Successfully Solved the Technical Problems of Large-Scale Production Process
Created FGF Large-Scale Preparation Process and Quality Standards
Developed the First Drug-Loaded Class III Implantable Medical Device that Combines FGF with Tissue Engineering Materials
3.2.1.2 PDGF—Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
3.2.1.3 NGF—Nerve Growth Factor
3.2.2 Important Proteins Involved in the Regulation of Tissue Regeneration Found in Lower Organisms
3.2.2.1 Pax6 Gene Regulatory Proteins and Lens Proteins Found in the Lens
3.2.2.2 Genes and Proteins Related to Nerve and Spinal Cord Regeneration
3.2.2.3 HP1-1-Related Proteins and Mcm5 Pathway Regulate the Related Proteins of the Planarian Regeneration
3.2.3 Tumor-Associated Tissue Regeneration Regulatory Proteins
3.2.3.1 Paxillin
3.2.3.2 Midkine
3.2.3.3 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
3.3 Stem Cell Niche
3.3.1 Stem Cell Niches
3.3.2 Drosophila Reproductive Stem Cell Niches
3.3.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Drosophila Reproductive Stem Cell Niches
Structure of Drosophila Ovary Stem Cell Niches
The Niche Structure of GSCs in Drosophila Testis
3.3.3 Stem Cell Niches in Mammalian Tissues
3.3.3.1 Testicular Germ Stem Cell Niches
Testicular Germ Stem Cells and Their Niches
The Role of Testis Germ Stem Cell Niches
Related Cytokines in Testis Germ Stem Cell Niches
3.3.3.2 Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches
Location and Concept of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches and their Effects
Related Regulatory Factors in the Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche
3.3.3.3 Skin Stem Cell Niches
Location and Concept of Skin Stem Cells
Skin Stem Cell Niches and their Effects
Skin Stem Cell Niche-Related Signaling Regulators
3.3.3.4 Intestinal Stem Cell Niches
Intestinal Stem Cells and Their Niches
Intestinal Stem Cell Niche-Associated Regulatory Molecules
Intestinal Stem Cell Niche-Related Signal Transduction Pathway
3.3.3.5 Neural Stem Cell Niches
Neural Stem Cells and Their Niches
Neural Stem Cell Niche-Related Regulatory Molecules
3.3.4 Summary
3.4 Signals Involved in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
3.4.1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
3.4.1.1 Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
3.4.1.2 C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Signaling Pathway
JNK Signal Transduction Pathway Regulates Migration and Repair Process of Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts
JNK Signal Transduction Pathway Regulates Cell Migration Process in Inflammatory Environment
3.4.1.3 p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
3.4.2 Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signaling Pathway
3.4.2.1 Structural Characteristics and Activation Regulation of PI3K
3.4.2.2 The Relationship Between PI3K/Akt and Various Growth Factors Related to Wound Healing
3.4.3 Wnt Signaling Pathway and Tissue Repair
3.4.3.1 Inflammatory Cells
3.4.3.2 Fibroblasts
3.4.3.3 Angiogenesis
3.4.3.4 Epidermal Regeneration and Hair Follicle Regeneration
3.4.3.5 Stem Cells
3.4.3.6 The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Transduction Pathway in Pathological Scar Formation
3.4.4 TGF-β/Smads Signal Transduction Pathway
3.4.4.1 TGF-β Structure, Secretion, and Activation
3.4.4.2 The Role of TGF-β/Smads Signal Transduction in Wound Healing
3.4.5 Slit-Robo Signal Pathway
3.4.6 Sonic Hedgehog
3.4.6.1 The Hedgehog Signal Transduction Pathway and its Member
3.4.6.2 Hh Nonclassical Pathway
3.4.7 Other Signals
3.4.7.1 Extracellular Microenvironment and Biomechanics of Cells
Extracellular Microenvironment
Biomechanical Effects of Cells
Cell Tension
Hydrostatic Pressure
Fluid Shear Force
3.4.7.2 Effects of Biomechanical Force and Mechanical Signal Transduction on the Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Stem Cells
Basement Hardness Affects the Proliferation and Differentiation Fate of Stem Cells
Changes in the Shape of the Basement Affect the Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells
Changes in Cell Morphology Affect Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Fate
Effect of Biomechanical Force on Gene Expression and Differentiation Fate of Stem Cells
Effects of Mechanical Effects Produced by Rotational Culture on Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
3.4.7.3 Possible Mechanisms of Biomechanical Stress Regulating Stem Cells
Integrin Activity and Mechanical Regulation of Signals
The Role of RhoA/Rho-Kinase (ROCK) Signaling Pathway
The Function of Mechanical Signal Super Long-Distance Transduction
The Role of Myosin II Regulating Stem Cells
AGEs-RAGE Signaling Pathway
References
4: Skin Development and Tissue Repair and Regeneration
4.1 Development of Skin Tissue
4.1.1 The Development of the Epidermis
4.1.2 The Development of Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue
4.1.3 The Development of Skin Appendages
4.1.3.1 Hair
4.1.3.2 Sebaceous Gland
4.1.3.3 Nail
4.1.3.4 Sweat Gland
4.1.4 The Development of Skin Nerves
4.1.5 The Development of Skin Blood Vessels and Lymphatic Vessels
4.1.6 The Development of Skin Muscles
4.2 Understanding Skin Repair and Regeneration from Dermatological Development
4.2.1 The Development and Regeneration of the Epidermis
4.2.2 The Development and Regeneration of Hair Follicles
4.2.2.1 Regulation Mechanism of Hair Follicle Development
4.2.2.2 The Biological Characteristics of Hair Follicle Stem Cells
4.2.2.3 Developmental Regulation of Hair Follicles
4.2.3 The Development and Regeneration of Sweat Glands
4.2.4 The Development and Regeneration of Sebaceous Glands
4.2.4.1 Tissue Development of Sebaceous Glands
4.2.4.2 Several Regulatory Pathways for Sebaceous Gland Growth
4.2.5 Development and Regeneration of Skin Blood Vessels
References
5: Tissue Repair and Regeneration Disorders: Repair and Regeneration of Chronic Refractory Wounds
5.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds in Chinese Human Body
5.1.1 The Pathogenetic Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds on the Body Surface
5.1.2 The Pathogenic Microbiological Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds on the Body Surface
5.1.3 Health Economics Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds on the Surface
5.2 Study on the Mechanism of Local Skin Damage on Refractory Diabetic Wounds
5.2.1 The Characteristics of Diabetic Skin
5.2.2 The Characteristics of Wound Healing in Diabetes
5.2.3 The Relationship Between Metabolic Disorders and Healing Factors
5.2.4 The Exploration of Intervention Methods for Diabetes Complicated with Refractory Wounds
5.2.4.1 Overview of Mechanisms and Interventions for Diabetic Refractory Wounds at Home and Abroad
5.2.4.2 Establishment of Intervention Means
5.2.4.3 The Main Role of Arginine and Aminoguanidine in the Mechanism of Diabetes Complicated with Refractory Wounds
The Effect of Arginine on the “Underlying Disorder” of Diabetic Skin Tissue
The Prevention and Treatment of Aminoguanidine on Refractory Wounds
5.2.4.4 Prospects for the Intervention of Diabetes Complicated with Wound Healing
5.3 Establishment of Innovative Treatment Methods for Refractory Wounds
5.3.1 Surgery Plus Photon Therapy
5.3.2 Modified Cytokine Therapy
5.3.3 A New Comprehensive Treatment Technology System Based on Scaffold Materials and Cell Therapy
5.3.4 Utilizing the “4G” System to Improve the Cure Rate of Refractory Wounds
5.4 Theory and Practice of Wound Healing Center Construction
5.5 Chronic Ulcer
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.1.1 The Classification of Ulcers
5.5.2 The Healing of Chronic Ulcers
5.5.2.1 Inflammation Stage
5.5.2.2 Proliferation Stage
5.5.2.3 Maturation and Reconstruction Stage
5.5.3 The Treatment of Chronic Ulcers
5.5.3.1 Etiology Treatment
5.5.3.2 Conservative Therapy
5.5.3.3 Debridement
5.5.3.4 Application of Various Flaps and Myocutaneous Flaps
Wound Medication
Vacuum Sealing Technology
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
Bioengineered Skin Products
Gene Therapy
Stem Cell Therapy
Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy
Antioxidant Treatment
5.5.4 Tuberculous Wounds
5.5.4.1 Overview
5.5.4.2 Epidemiological Characteristics of Tuberculous Wounds
5.5.4.3 The Concept of Tuberculous Wounds
5.5.4.4 Clinical Manifestations of Tuberculous Wounds
5.5.4.5 Diagnosis of Tuberculous Wounds
5.5.4.6 Treatment of Tuberculous Wounds
Preoperative Evaluation
Treatment Plan and Efficacy
5.5.4.7 Research Trends and Prospects of Tuberculous Wounds
5.5.5 The Conclusion
5.6 Treatment of Chronic Refractory Wound with Osteomyelitis
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.1.1 The Concept and Mechanism of Osteomyelitis
5.6.1.2 The Classification and Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis
Classification
Diagnosis
5.6.1.3 Overview of the Treatment of Osteomyelitis
Classification for Different Patients
Classification for Different Anatomies
5.6.1.4 The Main Differences and Difficulties Between the Refractory Wounds with Osteomyelitis and Common Conventional Refractory Wounds
5.6.2 The Osteomyelitis-Diagnose-Score (ODS) and Diagnosis and Treatment Process
5.6.2.1 The Osteomyelitis-Diagnose-Score
5.6.2.2 The Diagnosis and Treatment Process of Osteomyelitis
5.6.3 The “6R Technology” for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Wounds with Osteomyelitis
5.6.3.1 Low-Temperature Plasma Radiofrequency Debridement
5.6.3.2 Reaming
5.6.3.3 Rinsing
Flush
Lavage
5.6.3.4 Monitoring Reliable Wounds
5.6.3.5 Revascularization
5.6.3.6 Structural Reconstruction and Tissue Regeneration
5.6.4 The Application of Antibiotics
5.6.4.1 Systemic Application of Antibiotics
5.6.4.2 Local Application of Antibiotics
References
6: Tissue Repair and Over-regeneration: Prevention and Treatment of Scars During Tissue Repair and Regeneration
6.1 Genomics and Genetics of Scar Formation
6.1.1 Hypertrophic Scars
6.1.2 Keloids
6.2 Scar Formation Mechanism: Dermis “Template Defect” Theory
6.2.1 The Effect of Skin Dermis Defect and Its Defect Degree on Scar Formation
6.2.2 The Effect of Skin Dermis Defect Degree on Wound Healing Process
6.2.3 The Role of Three-Dimensional Structure and Composition of Dermal Tissue in Regulating Biological Behavior of FB
6.2.3.1 The “Permissive Effect” of the Dermal Tissue Structure on the Composition
6.2.3.2 Tissue Structure Is the “Template” that Guides the Trend of Cell Function
6.2.3.3 The Integrity and Continuity of the Tissue Structure Is the Key for Dermal Tissue to Play a “Template Role”
6.2.4 The Microscopic Discussion of “Template Defect Theory”
6.2.4.1 The Influence of the “Bridge Piers” Like Structure of the Dermal Template Unit on FB
6.2.4.2 Mathematical Derivation of the Spatial Relationship of the “Bridge Piers” Structure Array of the Dermal Template Unit in the Three-Dimensional Structure
6.2.4.3 Study on the Effect of Spatial Angle Arrangement of “Bridge Piers” Like Structure of Dermal Template Unit on Fibroblasts
6.3 Scar Prevention
6.3.1 The Prevention of Therapeutic Scars
6.3.2 The Prevention of Non-therapeutic Scars
6.4 Keloid Treatment
6.4.1 Surgical Resection
6.4.2 Physical Therapy
6.4.2.1 Compression Therapy
6.4.2.2 Cryotherapy
6.4.2.3 Laser Therapy
6.4.2.4 Radiation Therapy
6.4.2.5 Silicone Gel Sheeting
6.4.2.6 Adhesive Tape Therapy
6.4.3 Drug Treatment
6.4.3.1 Apoptosis-Related Drug Therapy
6.4.3.2 Cytokine-Related Therapy
6.4.3.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment
References
7: Repair and Regeneration After Important Visceral Injury
7.1 Overview of Visceral Injury Repair and Regeneration
7.1.1 Recognition of Visceral Injury and Repair
7.1.2 The Repair and Regeneration of Visceral Injuries
7.1.2.1 Heart Damage and Repair
7.1.2.2 Pancreatic Injury and Repair
7.1.2.3 Liver Damage and Repair
7.1.2.4 Intestinal Damage and Repair
7.1.2.5 Lung Damage and Repair
7.1.2.6 Others
7.1.3 Growth Factors and Visceral Repair and Regeneration
7.1.4 The Outlook
7.2 Repair and Regeneration After Lung Injury
7.2.1 Lung Development and Molecular Regulation Mechanisms
7.2.1.1 Lung Development
7.2.1.2 The Regulation Mechanism of Lung Development
7.2.2 Lung Stem/Progenitor Cells
7.2.2.1 Common Lung Tissue Stem Cells
Basal Cells
Duct Cells
Clara Cells
Variant Clara Cells
Bronchioloalveolar Stem Cells
Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells
Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells
Hemangioblasts
Other Types of Lung Stem/Progenitor Cells
7.2.2.2 The Role of Lung Tissue Stem Cells in Lung Disease
Acute Lung Injury
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Asthma
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
7.2.2.3 Important Molecules that Regulate the Biological Characteristics of Lung Tissue Stem Cells
CARM1
HNF-3α (Foxa1)
HNF-3β (Foxa2)
TTF-1 (Nkx2.1)
HFH-4 (FOXJ1)
GATA6
Bmi1
C-Myc
7.2.2.4 Important Signaling Pathways that Regulate the Biological Characteristics of Lung Tissue Stem Cells
Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
Rho GTPase Pathway
7.2.2.5 MAPK Pathway
7.2.2.6 PI3K/PTEN Pathway
7.2.2.7 TGF Pathway
7.2.3 Lung Tissue Repair and Regeneration
7.2.3.1 Extrapulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells Participate in Repairing Lung Tissue Damage
Bone Marrow Stem/Progenitor Cells Are Involved in Repairing Damaged Lung Tissue
Repair Effect of Bone Marrow Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation on Lung Tissue Injury
7.2.3.2 Involvement of Intrapulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Repair of Lung Tissue Damage
Alveolar Stem/Progenitor Cells Participate in the Regeneration of Damaged Lung Tissue
Lung Mesenchymal Stem Cells Participate in Regeneration of Injured Lung Tissue
7.2.3.3 Effects of Drugs on the Repair and Regeneration of Damaged Lung Tissue
Retinoic Acid
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
Keratinocyte Growth Factor
Adrenomedullin
Simvastatin
7.2.3.4 Factors Affecting the Repair of Damaged Lung Tissue by Stem/Progenitor Cells
The Etiology of Acute Lung Injury
Neuroendocrine-Immune Network Coordination
Differences Between Endogenous and Exogenous Stem/Progenitor Cells
Stem/Progenitor Cell Species, Age, and Transplantation Path
7.2.3.5 Bioartificial Lung Replacement Therapy to Repair Lung Function
7.2.3.6 Consideration of Stem/Progenitor Cells in Lung Tissue Repair
7.2.4 Summary
7.3 Liver Regeneration and Liver Stem Cells
7.3.1 Liver Regeneration
7.3.2 Liver Stem Cells
7.3.3 The Regulation of Liver Regeneration In Vivo
7.3.4 Strategies for Obtaining Hepatocytes In Vitro
7.3.5 Establishment of Tissue-Engineered Liver
7.3.6 Summary and Outlook
7.4 Repair and Regeneration of Digestive Tract Injury
7.4.1 Classification of Digestive Tract Injuries
7.4.1.1 Peptic Ulcer
7.4.1.2 Ischemia-Reperfusion
7.4.2 The Determination of Digestive Tract Injury
7.4.2.1 Evaluation Method of QOUH
Endoscopic Evaluation
Evaluation Method of Histological Maturity of Regenerated Mucosa
Evaluation Method of Functional Maturity of Regenerated Mucosa
7.4.2.2 Factors Affecting QOUH
Helicobacter pylori (Hp)
Blood Circulation
Growth Factor
Arachidonic Acid (AA) Metabolites
Oxygen-Free Radical
Heat-Shock Proteins
Aging
Other
7.4.2.3 Antiulcer Drugs and QOUH
Drugs that Reduce Mucosal Invasiveness
Gastric Mucosal Protective Agent
The Influence of Traditional Chinese Medicine on QOUH
The Relationship Between QOUH with Ulcer Recurrence
7.4.3 The Role of Growth Factors in the Repair and Regeneration of the Digestive Tract Injury
7.4.3.1 Growth Factors and Intestinal Development
Epidermal Growth Factor
Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Transforming Growth Factor-α
Transforming Growth Factor-β
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
7.4.4 The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Repair and Regeneration After Digestive Tract Injury
7.5 Repair and Regeneration of Cardiac Damage in the Early Stage of Burn Injury
7.5.1 Myocardial Damage Can Occur in the Early Stage of Severe Burns
7.5.1.1 Myocardial Specific Structural Protein Leakage
7.5.1.2 Impairment of Cardiomyocyte Cytoskeleton
7.5.1.3 Impairment of Cardiomyocyte Stress (Biomechanics)
7.5.1.4 Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis
7.5.1.5 Pathological Changes
7.5.1.6 Decreased Cardiac Function and Myocardial Mechanics
7.5.2 The Mechanism of Immediate Myocardial Damage in the Early Stage of Severe Burns
7.5.2.1 Mechanism of Immediate Reduction of Myocardial Blood Flow and Cardiac Function After Burns
7.5.2.2 Mitochondrial Damage Is the Core of Myocardial Damage in Early Stage of Burns
7.5.2.3 The Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Factors in Cardiomyocytes Is Upregulated
7.5.2.4 p38 Kinase Is an Important Signaling Pathway Mediating Myocardial Damage in the Early Stage of Burns [50]
7.5.2.5 Damage to the Myocardial Cytoskeleton
7.5.3 The “Shock Heart” Hypothesis of Ischemia and Hypoxia Damage in the Early Stage of Burn
7.5.4 Prevention and Treatment of Myocardial Damage in the Early Stage of Severe Burns
7.5.4.1 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor
7.5.4.2 Regulation of β-AR-Mediated Signal Transduction and “Molecular Switch Gsα/Giα” Ratio
7.5.4.3 Early and Timely Fluid Replacement
7.5.4.4 Drugs to Support Cardiac Function and Improve Myocardial Nutrition
7.5.4.5 Antagonize or Reduce Inflammatory Mediators
7.5.4.6 Mitochondrial Damage Reduction or Regulation of Ion Channels
7.5.4.7 Regulate Endogenous Protection Mechanisms
7.5.4.8 NO Donor
7.5.4.9 “Volume Replacement Plus Cardiac Dynamic Support” Resuscitation Regimen [56]
7.5.4.10 Circulating Capacity and Blood Oxygenation-Related Indicators
7.5.4.11 Organ Damage Indexes
7.6 Repair and Regeneration After Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerve Injury
7.6.1 Repair and Regeneration After Brain Injury in Adult Mammals
7.6.1.1 Response of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in Adult Mammalian Brain After Traumatic Injury
Neurogenesis of Normal Mammalian Brain
TBI-Induced Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis of the Human Brain
Regulate TBI-Induced Neurogenesis
Potential Strategies to Enhance Endogenous Neurogenesis for Traumatic Brain Injury
7.6.1.2 Conclusion
7.6.2 The Repair and Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Mammals
7.6.2.1 Transplantation of Exogenous Stem Cells to Repair Adult Spinal Cord Injury
Human Embryonic Stem Cell
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells
Neural Stem Cells
7.6.2.2 Activation of Endogenous Neurogenesis in Adult Mammalian Spinal Cord to Repair Spinal Cord Injury
What Is Endogenous Neurogenesis in Adulthood? Which Are the Endogenous Stem Cells of the Adult Mammalian Spinal Cord?
Response of Ependymal Cells after Adult Spinal Cord Injury
The Ependymal Cells Are Morphologically Heterogeneous
Markers of Ependymal Cells in Adult Spinal Cord
Possible Factors Regulating Ependymal Cells and Neurogenesis in Adult Spinal Cord
7.6.2.3 Outlook
7.6.3 The Strategies and Prospects of Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair
7.6.3.1 Neurobiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury
Cell Body
Damage Site
Target Organ
7.6.3.2 Research Strategy and Tissue Engineering
Solving Neuronal Survival
Treatment for Injury Sites
Treatment of Target Organs
7.6.3.3 Prospects for the Future
Clinical Application Prospects
Future Scientific Perspectives
References
8: Tissue Repair and Regeneration Process Regulation
8.1 Systemic Factors Affecting Tissue Repair and Regeneration
8.1.1 Psychological Factors
8.1.1.1 Psychological Stress and Nerve: the Role of the Endocrine System in Skin Healing
8.1.1.2 The Role of Psychological Stress and the Immune System in Skin Wound Healing
8.1.1.3 Related Signal Pathways Involved in Psychological Stress and Cytokines in Wound Healing
8.1.2 Age
8.1.2.1 Biological Structure and Related Functional Characteristics of Aging Skin
8.1.2.2 The Impact of Aging on the Healing Process
8.1.2.3 The Impact of Other Changes in Aging on Healing
8.1.3 Nutrition
8.1.3.1 Carbohydrates
8.1.3.2 Protein
8.1.3.3 Vitamins
8.1.3.4 Trace Elements
8.1.4 Neuro-Immune-Endocrine System
8.1.4.1 The Influence of Nerve on Wound Healing
8.1.4.2 The Impact of Endocrine on Wound Healing
8.1.4.3 The Impact of Immunity on Wound Healing
8.1.5 Systemic Disease Factors
8.1.5.1 Metabolic Diseases
8.1.5.2 Cardiovascular Diseases
8.1.5.3 Nerve Damage Diseases
8.2 Local Factors Affecting Tissue Repair and Regeneration
8.2.1 Bacterial Colonization and Infection
8.2.2 Foreign Bodies
8.2.3 Hematoma and Ineffective Cavity
8.2.4 Local Blood Flow Supply
8.3 Other Factors Affecting Tissue Repair and Regeneration
8.3.1 Environmental Factors
8.3.2 The Impact of Ionizing Radiation on Healing
8.3.3 The Impact of Drugs on Healing
8.3.4 Other
References
9: New Technologies and Tissue Repair and Regeneration (1): Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering, and 3D Technology
9.1 Tissue Engineering and 3D Technology
9.2 Stem Cells and Related Technologies and Skin Repair and Regeneration
9.3 Application of 3D Technology in Organ Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
9.4 Tissue Engineering Cornea
9.4.1 The Classification of Tissue Engineering Cornea
9.4.1.1 Classification by Source of Scaffold Materials
9.4.1.2 Classification by Seed Cell Source
9.4.2 The Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Cornea
9.4.2.1 Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Corneal Epithelium
9.4.2.2 Allogeneic Corneal Decellularization Method
9.4.2.3 The Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Corneal Stroma
9.4.2.4 Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Corneal Endothelium
9.4.2.5 Construction Method of Total Corneal Tissue Engineering
9.4.3 The Clinical Application of Tissue Engineering Cornea
9.4.4 Development Direction and Challenges of Tissue Engineering Cornea
9.4.4.1 Development Direction of Tissue Engineering Cornea
9.4.4.2 The Challenge of Tissue Engineering Cornea
9.5 Tissue Engineering Tendon
9.5.1 The Damage and Repair of Tendon
9.5.1.1 Structure and Nutrition of Tendon
9.5.1.2 Biomechanics of Tendon
9.5.1.3 Injury and Healing of Tendon
9.5.1.4 Repair of Tendon
9.5.2 The Seed Cell Research of Tissue Engineering Tendon
9.5.2.1 Tendon Cells
9.5.2.2 Fibroblasts
9.5.2.3 Stem Cells
9.5.3 Study on Scaffold Material of Tissue Engineering Tendon
9.5.3.1 Scaffold Material
9.5.3.2 Preparation Technology of Scaffold
9.5.4 The Effect of Cell Growth Factor on Tendon Healing
9.5.5 Composite Culture of Tendon Cells and Scaffold Materials
9.5.5.1 Non-mechanical Load Culture
9.5.5.2 Mechanical Load Culture
9.5.6 Clinical Trial of Tendon Tissue Engineering
9.6 Tissue Engineered Myocardium
9.6.1 The Selection and Application of Seed Cells
9.6.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cell
9.6.1.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
9.6.1.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
9.6.1.4 Brown Adipose-Derived Cardiac Stem Cells
9.6.1.5 Myocardial Cells Derived from Somatic Cells
9.6.2 The Selection and Application of Scaffold Materials
9.6.2.1 Natural Biomaterial
9.6.2.2 Artificial Synthetic New Conductive Scaffold Materials
9.6.3 In Vitro Construction of Engineered Myocardial Tissue and Its Role in the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction
9.6.3.1 Three-Dimensional Engineered Myocardial Tissue Construction Based on the Treatment Strategy of “Band-Aid” Myocardial Infarction
9.6.3.2 The Construction of Engineered Myocardial Tissue Based on the Treatment Strategy of Injectable Myocardial Infarction
9.6.4 Cardiac Reconstruction Based on Whole-Organ Acellular–Recellular Technique
9.6.5 Prospects and Outlooks
9.7 Tissue Engineered Cartilage
9.7.1 Regeneration of Tissue Engineered Articular Cartilage
9.7.1.1 The Histological Characteristics of Natural Articular Cartilage Tissue and the Epidemiology of Injury
9.7.1.2 Important Elements and Mechanisms of Tissue Engineered Cartilage Regeneration
9.7.1.3 Challenges in Tissue Engineered Cartilage Regeneration and the Direction of Future Conquest
9.7.2 The Regeneration of Tissue Engineered Meniscus
9.7.2.1 Histological Characteristics and Physiological Functions of Meniscus
9.7.2.2 The Damage of Meniscus Tissue and Its Epidemiology
9.7.2.3 Regeneration Dilemma After Meniscal Tissue Injury
9.7.2.4 Proposal of the Concept of Cartilage Regeneration in Meniscus Engineering
9.7.2.5 Important Elements and Mechanisms of Cartilage Regeneration in Meniscus Engineering
9.7.2.6 Challenges of Cartilage Regeneration in Meniscus Engineering and the Direction of Future Conquest
References
10: New Technologies and Tissue Repair and Regeneration (2): Other Biotherapeutic Technologies
10.1 Growth Factors and Growth Factor Drugs
10.1.1 Fibroblast Growth Factor
10.1.2 Fibroblast Growth Factor and Wound Repair
10.1.3 Fibroblast Growth Factor and Diabetes
10.1.3.1 FGF and Diabetic Ulcer
10.1.3.2 FGF and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
10.1.4 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Brain Trauma
10.1.5 Fibroblast Growth Factor and Bone Disease
10.1.6 Growth Factors and Biological Materials and Their Combined Effects
10.1.6.1 Induced Differentiation
10.1.6.2 Slow Release of Growth Factors
10.1.6.3 Combined Action of Growth Factors
10.1.7 Clinical Application of Different Types of Growth Factors and Their Preparations
10.1.7.1 Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor External Solution
10.1.7.2 bFGF Sustained Release Sponge
10.1.7.3 bFGF Microspheres
10.1.7.4 bFGF Gel
10.2 Protein Peptide and Other Drugs
10.2.1 Protein Peptide
10.2.1.1 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
10.2.1.2 Growth Hormone
10.2.2 Chemical Drugs and Chinese Herbal Medicines
10.2.2.1 Chemical Drugs
10.2.2.2 Traditional Chinese Medicine
10.3 Concentrated Platelet Therapy
10.3.1 Historical Development
10.3.2 The Mechanism of Action of Concentrated Platelets
10.3.3 Current Application
10.3.3.1 Preparation of Concentrated Platelets
10.3.3.2 Clinical Application of Concentrated Platelets
10.3.4 Future Development
10.3.5 Other Related Drugs
10.4 Gene Therapy
10.4.1 Development and Current Status of Gene Therapy Research
10.4.2 The Use and Advantages of Gene Therapy in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
10.4.3 Gene Therapy and Wound Repair
10.4.4 Gene Therapy for Growth Factors
10.4.4.1 Transforming Growth Factor β
10.4.4.2 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1
10.4.4.3 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
10.4.4.4 Fibroblast Growth Factor
10.4.4.5 Hepatocyte Growth Factor
10.4.4.6 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
10.4.5 Gene Therapy Technology
10.4.5.1 Selection of Target Genes
10.4.5.2 Route of Administration
10.4.5.3 Gene Therapy Vector
10.4.5.4 Selection of Target Cells
10.5 Exosomes and NETosis
10.5.1 Introduction to Exosomes
10.5.1.1 Exosomes MEX Derived from MSCs
10.5.1.2 Exosomes from ESCs and HSCs
10.5.1.3 Exosomes Derived from Endothelial Progenitor Cells
10.5.2 NETosis Introduction
10.5.2.1 The Existence Form of NETosis
10.5.2.2 The Regulation Mechanism Formed by NETisos
10.5.2.3 NETosis and Lupus Erythematosus
References
11: New Technology and Tissue Repair and Regeneration (3): Application of Other New Technologies in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
11.1 Optical Technology
11.1.1 Development History
11.1.2 Mechanism of Action
11.1.2.1 Inflammatory Phase
11.1.2.2 Proliferation Stage
11.1.2.3 Shaping Stage
11.1.3 Current Application Status
11.1.4 Problems and Future Prospects
11.2 Bioelectricity/Biomagnetism
11.2.1 Electrical Signals
11.2.2 Magnetic Signal
11.2.3 Classification of EMT and Its Possible Mechanism for Treating Wounds
11.2.3.1 Constant DC Therapy
11.2.3.2 Electrical Stimulation Therapy
11.2.3.3 High-Frequency Electric Field Therapy
11.2.3.4 High-Voltage Potential Therapy
11.3 Negative Pressure Therapy
11.3.1 Development History
11.3.2 Mechanism of Action
11.3.2.1 Promote Blood Circulation
11.3.2.2 Reduce Edema
11.3.2.3 Inhibit Bacterial Growth
11.3.2.4 Remove Some Necrotic Tissue
11.3.2.5 Reduce Posttraumatic Immunosuppression
11.3.2.6 Mechanical Pulling Action
11.3.2.7 Others
11.3.3 Current Application Status
11.3.3.1 Application Method
11.3.3.2 Clinical Application
11.3.4 Problems and Future Prospects
11.4 Oxygen Therapy
11.4.1 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
11.4.1.1 Development History
11.4.1.2 Mechanism of Action
11.4.1.3 Current Application Status
11.4.2 Topical Oxygen Therapy (TOT)
11.4.2.1 Development History
11.4.2.2 Mechanism of Action
11.4.2.3 Current Application Status
11.5 Modern Dressing
11.5.1 The Development History
11.5.2 The Mechanism of Action
11.5.3 The Current Application Status
11.5.3.1 Natural Biological Dressings
11.5.3.2 Synthetic Dressing
11.5.3.3 Tissue Engineering
11.6 Gene Therapy
11.6.1 Development History
11.6.2 Mechanism of Action
11.6.2.1 Promote Cell Activity
11.6.2.2 Promote Collagen Synthesis
11.6.2.3 Proangiogenesis
11.6.3 Application
11.7 Others
11.7.1 Digital Medicine
11.7.2 3D Bioprinting
11.7.3 Telemedicine and Tissue Repair
References
12: Traditional Medicine and Tissue Repair and Regeneration
12.1 General Description
12.1.1 Concept of Regeneration in Traditional and Modern Medicine
12.1.2 The Modern Medical Treatment of Wound Healing
12.1.3 The Inheritance and Evolution of Wound Healing in Traditional Medicine
12.1.4 The Traditional Medicine on the Cognition of Wound Healing
12.1.4.1 The Understanding of “Essence of Pus” in Traditional Medicine
12.1.4.2 “Promoting Pus Drainage and Granulation” and “Wet Healing Theory”
12.2 Wound (Sore) Treated by Chinese Medicine Treatment
12.2.1 Eliminating Necrotic Tissues Debridement
12.2.2 Nibbling Debridement
12.2.3 Xi’s Technique of Eliminating Necrotic and Clearing Tendon
12.2.4 Chinese Medicine Fumigation and Washing Therapy
12.2.5 External Medicinal Liquid Application
12.2.6 Therapy of Encircling Lesion with Drugs
12.3 The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Healing Process of Wounds
12.3.1 Wound Infection
12.3.1.1 Mechanism of Chinese Medicine Treatment of Wound Infection
12.3.1.2 Mechanism of Action of Single Traditional Chinese Medicine
12.3.1.3 Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Prescription in Treating Wound Infection
12.3.1.4 Other Mechanisms for Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Wound Infection
12.3.2 Promote Granulation Tissue Growth
12.3.2.1 Eliminating Necrotic Tissues and Promoting Granulation
12.3.2.2 Dispelling Stasis and Promoting Granulation
12.3.2.3 Invigorating and Promoting Granulation
12.3.2.4 Benefiting qi and Removing Stasis and Promoting Granulation
12.3.2.5 Other Effects
12.3.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine Inhibits Scar Formation
12.3.3.1 Overview of Scar Modern Medicine
12.3.3.2 Understanding of Scar Formation in Traditional Medicine
12.3.3.3 Oral Decoction Treatment
12.3.3.4 External Treatment
12.3.4 Problems and Prospects
12.4 Traditional Chinese Medicine Wound Treatment
References
13: Discipline Construction and Talent Cultivation of Tissue Restoration and Regenerative Medicine
13.1 Guiding Clinical Practice with Wound Repair and Innovation Theory
13.1.1 Understand the Significance of Wound Repair Procedures for Wound Treatment
13.1.1.1 Regional Characteristics of Wound Healing
13.1.1.2 Time-Bound Characteristics of Wound Healing
13.1.1.3 Network Sequential Characteristics of Wound Repair
13.1.2 The New Theory to Explain the Common Problems of Clinical Treatment of Diabetic Refractory Wounds
13.1.2.1 The Nature of Difficult Healing of Diabetes Wounds
13.1.3 Focus on the Key Issues of Wound Repair, Explore New Entry Points for Wound Treatment
13.1.3.1 The Wound Repair Process Can Be Converted from Passive to Active
13.1.3.2 Strive to Explore Macrophage as an Important “Regulatory” Cell Behavior Mechanism for Wound Repair
13.1.3.3 Pay Attention to the Role of Dermal Template in Wound Repair
13.1.3.4 The Impact of Wound Microenvironment on Stem Cells Is Worth Considering
13.2 Interdisciplinary Technology to Improve the Level of Wound Healing Treatment
13.2.1 Improve the Accuracy of the Record of Wound History by APP
13.2.2 Improve the Traditional Methods to Expand the Scope of Application of Wound Treatment
13.2.3 The Treatment of Sinus Wounds Under the Support of Endoscopy
13.2.4 Improve the Traditional Diagnostic System with New Ideas
13.3 Establish a New Medical Treatment Mode for Wound Treatment
13.4 Challenge the History of Patients with “Rotten Foot Disease” Treatment
13.4.1 The Background
13.4.2 Patient Characteristics
13.4.3 The Treatment Plan
13.5 Construction of Wound Centers in China
13.5.1 The Predecessor of Wound Center in China
13.5.2 The Development of Wound Centers in China
13.5.2.1 The Start of the Wound Centers in China
13.5.2.2 Development of Wound Centers in China
13.5.2.3 Mode of Wound Center in China
13.5.2.4 Wound Training Programs, Meetings and Organizations
13.5.2.5 Limitations of the Construction of Wound Centers in China
13.5.3 The Prospect of the Construction of Wound Center in China
References
14: Problems and Prospects in Regenerative Medicine
14.1 General Description
14.2 Important Progress in the Field of Regenerative Medicine in China
14.2.1 Stem Cells
14.2.1.1 Overview
14.2.1.2 Construction and Development of Stem Cell Research System in China
14.2.1.3 Establishment of Chinese Stem Cell Bank
14.2.1.4 Basic Research on Stem Cell Research in China
14.2.1.5 Clinical Application of Stem Cells in China
14.2.1.6 Comparison with Foreign Stem Cell Research
14.2.2 Tissue Engineering
14.2.2.1 Overview
14.2.2.2 The Construction and Development Process of Organizational Engineering Research System in China
14.2.2.3 Research on Tissue Engineering in China
14.2.2.4 Comparison of Chinese Tissue Engineering Research with Foreign Countries
14.2.3 Growth Factors
14.2.3.1 Overview
14.2.3.2 Development Status of Growth Factor Research in China
14.2.3.3 Foundation and Clinical Research of Chinese Growth Factors
14.2.3.4 Comparison of Growth Factor Research in China and Foreign Countries
14.2.4 Other: Gene Therapy, Therapeutic Cloning, and Xenotransplantation
14.3 National Development Strategy of Chinese Regenerative Medicine
14.3.1 The Development Strategy of National Regenerative Medicine
14.3.2 Policy on Regenerative Medicine Research in China
14.3.3 Capital Investment in Regenerative Medicine in China
14.3.4 The Results of Chinese Regenerative Medicine
14.3.5 Industrialization of Regenerative Medicine in China
14.3.6 Cooperation Between China and Other Countries in Research on Regenerative Medicine
14.4 Existing Problems and Prospects
14.4.1 Several Aspects of Regenerative Medicine in China That Need to Be Strengthened
14.4.1.1 Perfect Systems, Regulations, Technical specifications, Guidelines
14.4.1.2 Pay Attention to the Cultivation and Reserve of Stem Cell Research Talents
14.4.1.3 Reasonable Allocation of Resources and Breakthroughs in Key Areas
14.4.1.4 Extensive International Cooperation
14.4.1.5 Diversification of Inputs
14.4.2 The Issues That Need Attention in the Research of Tissue Engineered Scaffold Materials
14.4.3 Closely Integrate with Industrialization to Strengthen the Transformation and Application of New Technologies and New Products
14.4.4 The Development of Basic Research and the Emergence of New Technologies Will Bring New Dawn to Regenerative Medicine
14.4.4.1 In-depth Study on the Mechanism of Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration
14.4.4.2 The Impact of 3D Bioprinting Technology on Regenerative Medicine
14.4.4.3 The Impact of the Development of Nano-Intelligent Materials on Regenerative Medicine
References