This timely study examines responses to mass refugee movements by a range of actors, from local communities to supranational organizations. Bringing together ten case studies from around the world, encompassing the global North and South alike, Refugee Crises 1945–2000 explores a broad spectrum of types of migration and of international and domestic contexts. Whilst the driving forces and numbers of people involved, and the backgrounds (national, religious, social) of the migrants, vary considerably, this book highlights a common factor: that each receiving country was confronted with the crucial question of how to deal with the arrival of a large number of people seeking refuge. They could not simply be sent away, but they were also widely seen in the receiving countries as an unpredictable challenge to stability and social cohesion. Taking a long-term perspective, this is an eloquent contribution to the intense public debate about the impact of refugee migration on state stability, societal cohesion and as an impetus for social change.
Author(s): Jan C. Jansen, Simone Lässig
Series: Publications of the German Historical Institute
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 321
City: Cambridge
Cover
Half-title
Series information
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgments
1 Responses to Refugee Crises in International Comparison
Refugee - Crisis - Refugee Crises
Cases and Contexts
Responses to Refugee Crises: Toward a Comparison
Actors and Agency in Refugee Crises
The Power of Framing
State-Building and Refugee Crises
Mythmaking and Myth-Breaking
Part I The Postwar and Decolonization Moment
2 The Dynamics of Expellee Integration in Post-1945 Europe
Responses
Comparisons
3 Integrating without a Host Society: The Repopulation of Poland's Western Territories after 1945
''Repatriation''
The Migrant Society
Poland's Wild West
Forging a Functioning Society
Conclusion
4 Pakistan: Refugee State
Migration and Partition
The State's Response to the Refugee Crisis
Political Legacies of the Refugee Crisis
Corruption
Exercise of Executive Authority and Delay of Elections
The Strengthening of the Army and Bureaucracy
The Refugee Situation and Landlord Dominance in Punjab
Refugee Migration and Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan
Sindh
Partition, State Construction, and Nation-Building in Pakistan
Conclusion
5 Transgenerational Displacement and Integration among Palestinians and Palestinian Refugees from Syria in Jordan
Movement and Integration
Security, Solidarity, and Stability
Generation Now
Conclusion
6 A Matter of Definition: Institutional Inclusion and Europe's Postcolonial Migrants
Diverse Populations
Leaving the (Former) Colonies
Settler Colonies
Dutch Indies
French Algeria
Portuguese Angola and Mozambique
Reception
British India
Settler Colonial Cases
The Netherlands
The French Reflux
Portuguese Returnees
A ''Postcolonial Bonus''
A Matter of Definition and Processes of Institutional Inclusion
Conclusion
Part II Refugee Movements during the Cold War and beyond
7 The 1956-1957 Hungarian Refugee Crisis and the Role of the Canadian Press in Opening the Doors to Asylum Seekers
A Refugee Crisis of Global Proportions
From Closed Doors to a Country of Immigrants
The Sea Change of 1956-1957 and the Role of the Globe and Mail
Humanizing Refugees, Promoting Nation-Building through Diversity
The Refugee Crisis in English Qubec
Hungarian Refugees and Qubec's Le Devoir and La Presse
Hungarian Refugees and Canada's Jewish Community
Dissenting Voices in the Hungarian Canadian Diaspora
''Ennobling'' Canada through Refugee Settlement
8 Responding to and Resettling the Vietnamese Boat People: Perspectives from the United States and West Germany
Scattered Seeds: The Exodus and International Reactions
Shifting Frames: The United States and West German Responses
Resettlement: Boat People in the United States and West Germany
Retrospect: Changes and Impacts
Coda
9 US State and Civil Society Responses to Salvadoran Refugees, 1980-1991
Introduction: Background to the Salvadoran Conflict
The US Government Responds to Salvadoran Migration
US Civil Society Responds: Humanitarian Efforts
The Sanctuary Movement
Social Service Provision: Faith-Based and Secular Responses
Solidarity and Self-Help: Salvadoran and North American Collaborative Responses
US Immigration Policy Evolves
Conclusion
10 The Plight of the First Post-Cold War Refugees: The Reception and Settlement of Bosnians in Austria and the United States
Settlement Programs
The Experience of Bosnians in the United States
The US Welfare State: The Principle of Deny and Distract
The Austrian Experience
The Austrian Labor Market: A Segmented System
Gendered Work: Illegal and Legal
Comparing Resettlement Programs
Transnational Identities in the Diaspora
The Translocal Traditionalist
The Transitional Hybrid
Ethnic Urbanites
Cosmopolitans
Nostalgic Citizens
Conclusion
11 Rwandan Refugees in Tanzania, 1994-1996
Background to the ''Emergency''
''Big Business'': The Humanitarian Response in Ngara
Refugee Violence and Host Entrepreneurs
Ngaran Encounters with Humanitarians
Conclusion
Part III Afterword
12 Recalibrating Refugees: Global and Historical Perspectives
Belonging and Identification as a Political Process
Inclusion and Opportunity Structure at Arrival
Agency and Strategies
The Humanitarian Turn and the Rise of NGOs
The State and Civil Society
Refugees and Social Change
Looking Ahead
Index
