Reduplication at the word level: The Greek facts in typological perspective

Contents
Acknowledgments
Abstract
List of Conventions
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Object of study and preliminaries
1.1.1 The word
1.1.2 Theoretical background and framework
1.2 Aims and structure of the thesis
1.3 “False friends”: types of reduplication not considered in this study
1.3.1 Accidental and pseudo-reduplication
1.3.2 Reduplication in sound symbolism and onomatopoeic wordformation
1.3.3 Morphophonological reduplication with alternation
1.3.4 Reduplication at the syntactic level
1.3.4.1 “Syndetic” repetition/reduplication
1.3.4.2 Word repetition at level of the clause
1.3.4.3 Repetition across clauses
1.4 Summary
Part I: Review of the literature
2 Overview of the Greek literature: how TR is presented in Greek studies, grammars and dictionaries
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Studies on TR and similar phenomena in Greek
2.2.1 Terminology and objects of study
2.2.2 Status of X X unit in the grammar/status of TR as process in the language
2.2.3 Relation of TR with repetition, emphasis and pragmatics
2.2.4 Meanings and functions of TR
2.2.5 Restrictions/formal and lexical characteristics of TR
2.2.6 Evolution and origin of TR
2.2.7 Summary
2.3 TR in Modern Greek grammars
2.3.1 Terminology
2.3.2 Domains of reference
2.3.3 Meanings and functions of TR
2.3.4 Restrictions/formal and lexical features of bases
2.3.5 Summary
2.4 TR in Modern Greek dictionaries
2.4.1 The lemma: nature and structure
2.4.2 Citation of and subcategorization information on TR expressions
2.4.3 The form of TR expressions: the hyphen
2.4.4 Criteria for listing TR expressions
2.4.5 TR in old and small-range dictionaries
2.4.6 TR in recent dictionaries
2.4.7 Some inconsistencies
2.4.8 Summary
3 TR from a theoretical and typological perspective
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical models on reduplication
3.2.1 Full-Copy Theory (Steriade 1988)
3.2.2 Base-Reduplicant Correspondence Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1995)
3.2.3 Reduplication in Precedence-Based Phonology (Raimy 2000, 2009)
3.2.4 Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT, Inkelas & Zoll 2005)
3.2.5 Minimal Reduplication (Kirchner 2010)
3.2.6 Forza (2011)
3.2.7 Brief evaluation of theoretical models
3.3 TR in studies of other languages
3.3.1 Terminology and definition
3.3.2 Status
3.3.3 Restrictions/Formal and lexical characteristics-correlations
3.3.4 Meanings/functions and the semantic core of TR
3.3.5 Relation with emphasis, repetition and pragmatics
3.3.6 Origin and evolution
3.4 TR from a typological perspective
3.4.1 Terminology and definition
3.4.2 Status
3.4.3 Semantics and semantic motivation of (T)R
3.4.4 Relation of TR with emphasis and pragmatics
3.4.5 Universality, areality and distribution
3.4.6 Constraints on/structural characteristics of TR in Europe
3.4.7 Origin of TR in Europe
3.4.8 MG within Europe and the world
3.5 Summary
Part II: Data and types of TR in MG
4 Word classes and the functions/meanings of TR: correlations, constraints and preferences
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Word classes and functional types of TR: assumptions and empirical data
4.2.1 Correlations of TR in MG with word classes and their basic properties: the Sentence Completion Task (SCT)
4.2.1.1 Specific hypotheses
4.2.1.2 Methodology
4.2.1.2.1 The sentences
4.2.1.2.2 The TR instances
4.2.1.2.3 The material
4.2.1.3 Results and discussion
4.2.1.3.1 Nouns: number and its interaction with semantic type (“concrete vs. abstract”)
4.2.1.3.2 Verbs: direct vs. indirect speech
4.2.1.3.3 Person
4.2.1.3.4 Mood
4.2.1.3.5 Imperative verbs: the role of aspect
4.2.1.4 Summary of results
4.3 Constraints/preferences by word class
4.3.1 The input to TR: constraints and preferences
4.3.1.1 Morphology
4.3.1.1.1 Nouns
4.3.1.1.2 Verbs
4.3.1.1.3 Adjectives
4.3.1.1.4 Adverbs
4.3.1.2 Semantics
4.3.1.2.1 Nouns
4.3.1.2.2 Verbs
4.3.1.2.3 Adjectives and adverbs
4.3.1.2.4 Numerals
4.3.1.2.5 Pronouns and other minor/functional classes
4.3.1.3 Syntax
4.3.1.3.1 Nouns, adjectives and numerals
4.3.1.3.2 Verbs
4.3.1.3.3 Adverbs
4.3.2 The output of TR: constraints and tendencies
4.3.2.1 Syntax
4.3.2.1.1 Nouns, adjectives and numerals
4.3.2.1.2 Verbs
4.3.2.1.3 Adverbs
4.3.2.2 Semantic change and lexicalization
4.3.2.2.1 Nouns
4.3.2.2.2 Verbs
4.3.2.2.3 Adjectives
4.3.2.2.4 Adverbs
4.3.2.2.5 Pronouns
4.4 Summary and conclusions: the functional types of TR in MG
5 Phonological aspects – the role of intonation in TR in MG
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The role of intonation in the MG literature on TR
5.1.2 The role of intonation in TR of other languages
5.1.3 Summary of assumptions
5.2 Hypotheses and research questions of the phonological experiment
5.3 Methodology
5.4 Quantitative and qualitative results
5.4.1 CR (Contrastive Reduplication)
5.4.2 INT (Intensification/Intensive)
5.4.3 DISTR (Distributive)
5.4.4 ITER (Iterative/Iterativity)
5.4.5 REP (Repetition)
5.4.6 Iconic repetition (repetition of a thought in a situation of searching)
5.5 Discussion and conclusions
Part III: The status and distribution of TR in MG
6 The status of TR in MG
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Grammatical or lexical meaning?
6.3 Assessment of the status of TR in MG on the basis of meaning
6.4 Characteristics of grammatical classes (and the status of TR as a border-liner)
6.5 Wälchli’s (2005) proposal for borderline phenomena: lexical class types
6.5.1 Total Reduplication as a lexical class in Modern Greek
6.5.2 Disadvantages of/problems with the analysis of TR as a lexical class
6.6 Conclusions
7 TR vs. other types of lexical and/or grammatical formations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Collocations
7.3 Idioms
7.3.1 Typical idioms
7.3.2 Constructional idioms or Constructions (Fillmore et al. 1988; Jackendoff 1997, 2002)
7.3.3 Phrasal lexemes
7.4 Grammatical constructions (Croft 2001)
7.5 Compounds
7.6 Conclusions
8 Functional equivalences and the semantic/ pragmatic distribution of TR
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Intensive (or intensification in a broad sense)
8.2.1 Intensifying TR of adjectives (/adverbs)
8.2.1.1 TR vs. intensifying prefixation (olo-, ?eo-, kata-)
8.2.1.2 TR vs. modification by polí ‘very’
8.2.1.3 The elative/absolute superlative: para polí/-tatos ‘most/extremely’
8.2.2 Intensifying TR of verbs
8.2.2.1 TR vs. intensifying verbal morphology
8.2.2.2 TR vs. modification by polí ‘much’
8.2.3 Contrastive TR of nouns
8.2.3.1 Contrastive TR of nouns vs. augmentative suffixation
8.2.3.2 CR vs. nouns modified by polí ‘very’
8.2.3.3 CR vs. focus stress on the definite article (ep?tas? ??????)
8.2.4 Conclusion of section 8.2
8.3 The distributive: introduction
8.3.1 TR of nouns vs. distributive quantifiers and other distributive constructions
8.3.1.1 Functional equivalences with ka?e ‘every’ and o ka?e ‘each’
8.3.2 TR of numerals vs. distributive quantifiers and other distributive constructions
8.3.3 Conclusion of section 8.3
8.4 The iterative
8.4.1 TR of imperative verbs vs. subjunctive subordinate clauses and converbs
8.4.1.1 TR vs. forms in -ondas
8.4.2 Summary and conclusion of section 8.4
9 Conclusions and issues for further research
9.1 Summary of conclusions from chapters 2–8
9.2 Further implications and answers to some general questions
9.3 Issues for further research
References
Appendix A: The meanings/functions of Total Reduplication crosslinguistically: a list
Appendix B: The Sentence Completion Task
Appendix C: The phonological experiment: the texts and divergent intonation patterns
Appendix D: A typology of reduplicative idioms and “syndetic” reduplication constructions in MG
Appendix E: Glossary of TR expressions in this dissertation
Index of Authors
Index of Languages
Index of Subjects