Recycling of Power Lithium-Ion Batteries: Technology, Equipment, and Policies

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Status and Development of Power Lithium-Ion Battery and Its Key Materials
1.1 Market Status of Power Lithium-Ion Battery
1.2 Key Materials and Development of Power Battery
1.2.1 Dominant Cathode Materials
1.2.1.1 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide
1.2.1.2 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide
1.2.1.3 Lithium Iron Phosphate
1.2.1.4 Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide
1.2.2 Anode Materials
1.2.2.1 Graphite
1.2.2.2 Lithium Titanate
1.2.2.3 Silicon Carbon
1.2.3 Electrolyte
1.2.3.1 Liquid Electrolyte
1.2.3.2 Solid Electrolyte
1.2.4 Separator
1.2.5 Binder
1.2.6 Current Collector
1.2.6.1 Copper Foil
1.2.6.2 Aluminum Foil
1.2.6.3 Others
1.3 Development and Trends in Power Lithium-Ion Battery
1.3.1 The Layout of Lithium-Ion Battery Production Capacity
1.3.2 The Changing Trend of Lithium-Ion Battery Material Types
1.3.3 Development Goals and Plans in Various Regions of the World
1.3.4 Critical Challenges for the Future Lithium-Ion Power Battery Industry
1.3.4.1 Reducing the Cost of Lithium-Ion Power Battery
1.3.4.2 Improving the Energy Density of Power Battery
1.3.4.3 Improving Safety of Power Battery
1.3.4.4 Recycling Power Battery
1.4 Analysis of the Supply and Demand of Critical Metal Raw Material Resources for Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
1.4.1 Geographical Distribution of Critical Metal Raw Materials and Their Production Status
1.4.1.1 Lithium
1.4.1.2 Nickel
1.4.1.3 Cobalt
1.4.2 Supply and Demand Outlook of Critical Metal Raw Materials
1.4.2.1 Lithium
1.4.2.2 Nickel
1.4.2.3 Cobalt
1.4.3 Scenario Without Recycling
1.4.4 Scenario with Recycling
References
Chapter 2 Battery Recycling Technologies and Equipment
2.1 Brief Introduction of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
2.2 Introduction of the Battery Recycling Process
2.2.1 Conventional Process of Cell Disassembly
2.2.2 Future Development Direction of Cell Recycling Process
2.3 Pretreatment Technology for Battery Recycling
2.3.1 Cell Discharge
2.3.2 Mechanical Separation
2.3.2.1 Crushing
2.3.2.1.1 Double-Shaft Shearing Gear Roller Crushing
2.3.2.1.2 Single-Shaft Shearing Gear Roller Crushing
2.3.2.1.3 Four-Shaft Shearing Gear Roller Crushing
2.3.2.1.4 Hammer Crushing
2.3.2.1.5 Smash
2.3.2.2 Sieving
2.3.2.2.1 Vibration Sieving
2.3.2.2.2 Relaxation Sieving
2.3.2.3 Airflow Sieving
2.3.2.3.1 Constant Airflow Sieving
2.3.2.3.2 Aortic Flow Sieving
2.3.2.3.3 Passive Pulsating Airflow Sieving Technology
2.3.2.4 Flotation Separation
2.3.3 Heat Treatment
2.3.3.1 Rotary Kiln
2.3.3.2 Microwave Steel Belt Kiln
2.3.3.3 Microwave Roller Kiln
2.3.3.4 Carbonization Machine
2.3.4 Solvent Dissolution
2.3.5 Alkaline Dissolution
2.3.6 Ultrasound Strengthens the Separation
2.3.7 Mechanical Chemistry Strengthens the Separation
2.4 Hydrometallurgy
2.4.1 Metal Leaching
2.4.1.1 Full Leaching
2.4.1.1.1 Inorganic Acid Leaching
2.4.1.1.2 Organic Acid Leaching
2.4.1.1.3 Bioleaching
2.4.1.2 Selective Leaching
2.4.1.3 Enhanced Leaching
2.4.1.4 Chemical Precipitation
2.4.2 Metal Extraction Separation
2.4.2.1 Solvent Extraction Method
2.4.2.2 Chemical Precipitation Method
2.4.2.3 Electrochemical Method and Other Methods
2.5 Pyrometallurgy
2.6 Direct Recycling Technology
2.6.1 Direct Recycling Process
2.6.2 Direct Regeneration of Cathode Material from Spent LFP Batteries
2.6.3 Economic Analysis of LFP Cathode Material Recycling
2.6.4 Main Challenges for Direct Recycling and Regeneration
2.7 Equipment for Battery Recycling
2.7.1 Pretreatment Equipment
2.7.1.1 Crushing and Comminution Equipment
2.7.1.1.1 Shredder
2.7.1.1.2 Crusher
2.7.1.2 Nitrogen Protection System
2.7.1.3 Separation and Debris Removal Equipment
2.7.1.3.1 Wind Sieving Machine
2.7.1.3.2 Rotary Kiln Furnace
2.7.1.4 Sieving Equipment
2.7.1.4.1 Linear Vibrating Screen
2.7.1.4.2 Round Shaking Sieve
2.7.2 Hydrometallurgy Equipment
2.7.2.1 Leaching Equipment
2.7.2.1.1 Mechanical Stirring Leaching Tank
2.7.2.1.2 Air Stirring Leaching Tank (Pachuca Tank)
2.7.2.1.3 Fluidization Leaching Tower
2.7.2.1.4 High-Pressure Leaching Kettle
2.7.2.2 Extraction Equipment
2.7.2.2.1 Mixed Clarifying Tank
2.7.2.2.2 Extraction Tower
2.7.2.2.3 Centrifugal Extractor
2.7.2.3 Solid–Liquid Separation Equipment
2.7.2.3.1 Enrichment Facilities
2.7.2.3.2 Filtering Equipment
2.8 Global Industrial Participants and Their IP Layout
2.8.1 Introduction of Main LIB Recyclers
2.8.2 IP Layout and Development Trend Analysis
2.8.2.1 Patent Development Trend Analysis
2.8.2.2 Patent Area Analysis
2.8.2.3 Analysis of Major Patent Applicants
2.8.2.4 Branch Analysis of Patented Technology
2.8.2.5 Patent Branch Analysis of Metal Separation and Extraction
2.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Typical Cases in Industry
3.1 China
3.1.1 Botree Cycling
3.1.2 Brunp Recycling
3.1.3 Huayou Cobalt
3.1.4 GEM
3.1.5 Shunhua Lithium
3.1.6 Ganpower
3.1.7 Qiantai Technology
3.2 Europe
3.2.1 Umicore
3.2.2 Accurec
3.2.3 TES (Recupyl)
3.3 North America
3.3.1 Li-Cycle
3.3.2 Inmetco
3.3.3 Retriev
References
Chapter 4 Current Status of the Carbon Footprint Life Cycle Analysis of Power Lithium-Ion Batteries and the Impact of Recycling on Them
4.1 Life Cycle Analysis of the Power Battery Manufacturing Process
4.1.1 Introduction to the Life Cycle Assessment Framework
4.1.1.1 Goal and Scope Definition
4.1.1.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
4.1.1.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
4.1.1.4 Interpretation
4.1.2 Analysis of the Carbon Footprint and Energy Consumption of the Power Battery Manufacturing Process
4.1.2.1 Carbon Footprint Analysis
4.1.2.2 Energy Consumption Analysis
4.2 Carbon Footprint of Different Power Battery Recycling Processes
4.2.1 Pyrometallurgical + Hydrometallurgical Method
4.2.2 Mechanical Pretreatment + Hydrometallurgical Method
4.2.3 Direct Recycling Method
4.3 Best Power Battery Recycling Technology from a Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Perspective
References
Chapter 5 Laws, Regulations, and Standards for Battery Recycling
5.1 Laws and Regulations Regarding Battery Recycling in Various Countries
5.1.1 The European Union
5.1.1.1 Directive 91/157/EEC
5.1.1.2 Directive 93/86/EEC
5.1.1.3 Directive 98/101/EC
5.1.1.4 Council Directive 2006/66/EC
5.1.1.5 Regulation (EU) 2019/1020
5.1.2 Typical European Countries
5.1.2.1 Germany
5.1.2.1.1 KrW-/AbfG
5.1.2.1.2 Batterieverordnung
5.1.2.1.3 BattG
5.1.2.2 Norway
5.1.2.3 Netherlands
5.1.2.4 The United States
5.1.2.4.1 State Management Plans for Waste
5.1.2.4.2 State Management Plans for Hazardous Waste Producers
5.1.2.4.3 State Management Plans for Hazardous Waste Transporters
5.1.2.4.4 Management Plans for Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities of Hazardous Waste
5.1.3 Typical Asian Countries
5.1.3.1 China
5.1.3.2 Japan
5.1.4 Comparison of Battery Recycling Laws in Different Countries
5.2 Management Norms Regarding Battery Recycling
5.2.1 Management Norms Regarding Battery Recycling in Various Countries
5.2.1.1 The United States
5.2.1.2 China
5.2.1.3 Japan
5.2.2 Comparison of Management Norms in Different Countries
5.3 Technical Norms Regarding Battery Recycling
5.3.1 Technical Norms Regarding Battery Recycling in Various Countries
5.3.2 Comparison of Technical Norms in Different Countries
5.4 Support Policies Regarding Battery Recycling
5.4.1 Support Policies Regarding Battery Recycling in Different Countries
5.4.2 Comparison of Support Policies in Different Countries
References
Chapter 6 New Application Scenarios for Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
6.1 The Existing Application Scenarios of Power Batteries
6.1.1 Two-Wheeled Electric Vehicles
6.1.1.1 Global Market Development Status
6.1.1.2 Impact of National Policies
6.1.1.3 Development Outlook of EV Battery for Two-Wheeled Electric Vehicle
6.1.1.3 Development Outlook of EV Battery for Two-Wheeled Electric Vehicle
6.1.2 Electric Vehicles
6.1.2.1 Global Market Development Status
6.1.2.2 Segmentation – Electric Passenger Vehicles
6.1.2.3 Segmentation – Electric Buses
6.1.2.4 Segmentation – Electric Heavy Trucks
6.1.2.5 Development Outlook of Electric Vehicle EV Battery
6.1.3 Electric Ships
6.1.3.1 Background
6.1.3.2 National Support Policies
6.1.3.3 Global Market Development Status
6.1.3.4 Battery Technology for Electric Boats
6.1.3.5 Development Outlook of Electric Boat Power Battery
6.1.4 Energy Storage Device
6.1.4.1 Segmentation – V2G Technology
6.1.4.2 Segmentation – Cascade Utilization
6.1.4.3 Development Outlook of Energy Storage Power Battery
6.2 Development of Emerging Business Mode
6.2.1 Power Swap Mode of Two-Wheeled Vehicles
6.2.1.1 Industry Demand Drives the Development of Power Swap Mode
6.2.1.1.1 Instant Delivery (2B)
6.2.1.1.2 Shared Travel (2B)
6.2.1.1.3 Individual Cycling (2C)
6.2.1.2 New National Standard Boosts the Power Swap Mode
6.2.1.3 Battery Swapping Cabinet – A Huge Blue Ocean Market is Forming
6.2.1.4 Battery Technology for Power Swapping Two-Wheeled Electric Vehicles
6.2.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Power Swap Mode
6.2.1.5.1 Advantage
6.2.1.5.2 Disadvantage
6.2.2 Power Swapping Electric Vehicles
6.2.2.1 History of Power Swapping Electric Vehicles
6.2.2.1.1 Pathfinder: Better Place
6.2.2.1.2 Successor: Tesla
6.2.2.1.3 Promoters
6.2.2.2 Policy Makes Power Swap Popular
6.2.2.3 Battery Asset Management Company
6.2.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
6.2.2.4.1 Advantage
6.2.2.4.2 Disadvantage
6.2.2.5 Recycling Route of Decommissioned Lithium-Ion Power Batteries in the Power Swap Mode
6.2.3 Power Swapping Electric Trucks
6.2.3.1 Demand for Power Swapping Heavy Trucks
6.2.3.2 Economic Advantages of Power Swapping Heavy Trucks
6.2.3.3 Application Scenarios for Power Swapping Heavy Trucks
6.2.4 Power Swapping Electric Ships
6.2.4.1 Exploration of Power Swapping Electric Ships
6.2.4.2 LFP, The Mainstream of Shipboard Lithium-Ion Power Battery
6.2.4.3 Suggestions
6.3 Sub-summary
References
Chapter 7 Battery Recycling Technology Outlook
7.1 Advanced Battery Recycling System
7.1.1 Economical Environmental Discharge Technology
7.1.2 High-Flux Battery Disassembly Equipment
7.1.3 High-Efficiency Separation System for Valuable Metals
7.1.4 High-Value Utilization of Low-Value Batteries/Components
7.1.5 Intrinsic Safety and Pollution Prevention
7.2 Green Battery Design for Recycling
7.2.1 Battery Raw Materials
7.2.2 Material Production
7.2.3 Battery Production
7.2.3.1 Single Battery
7.2.3.2 Battery Pack
7.2.3.3 Battery Management System
7.2.4 Battery Passport
References
Index
EULA