Recent Technologies for Waste to Clean Energy and its Utilization

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Chapter 1: Biomass Energy Utilization, Conversion Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Source of Biomass
1.3 Biomass Utilization
1.3.1 Utilization for Bio-power
1.3.1.1 Process and Space Heating
1.3.1.2 Power Generation
1.3.2 Biomass Utilization for Biofuels
1.3.2.1 Ethanol and Methanol
1.3.2.2 Biodiesel
1.3.2.3 Pyrolysis Liquid/Bio-oil
1.3.3 Biogas
1.3.4 Synthesis Gas
1.3.5 Charcoal Briquettes
1.3.6 Byproducts
1.3.6.1 Citric Acid
1.3.6.2 Composite Material and Fibers
1.4 Conversion Technologies
1.4.1 Thermochemical Processes
1.4.1.1 Pyrolysis
1.4.1.2 Carbonization and Torrefaction
1.4.1.3 Gasification
1.4.2 Biochemical Processes
1.4.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
1.4.2.2 Alcohol Fermentation (Ethanol)
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Bio-hydrogen Production Using Microbial Electrolysis Cell
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Environmental Impact in Hydrogen Production by Renewable Source
2.3 Sources of Hydrogen Production
2.3.1 Hydrogen from Fossil Fuel
2.3.2 Hydrogen from Biomass
2.3.3 Hydrogen from Electrolysis of Water
2.3.4 Hydrogen from Non-renewable Sources
2.4 Hydrogen Storage
2.4.1 Compressed Gas Storage
2.4.2 Liquefaction of Hydrogen
2.4.3 Metal Hydride
2.5 Basic Principles of Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC)
2.6 Structure and Composition of MEC
2.6.1 Anode
2.6.2 Cathode
2.6.3 Membrane
2.6.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
2.7 Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Gas Production in MEC
2.8 Hydrogen Production Measurement in MEC
2.9 MEC Microbiology
2.10 Factors Affecting MEC
2.11 MEC Reactor Designs and Types
2.11.1 Single-Chamber MECs
2.11.2 Two-Chamber MECs
2.11.3 Stacked MECs
2.12 Modes of Operations of MEC
2.13 Operational Modes of MEC
2.14 Applications and Future Prospects of MEC
2.15 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Microbial Biomass for Sustainable and Renewable Energy in Wasteland Ecosystem and Its Assessment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microbial Biomass: An Alternative Source for Nonconventional Energy
3.3 Diversity in Substrates for Microbial Biomass and Its Exercise
3.4 Strategies for Host Cell for Survival of Overexpressed Bioresidues
3.5 Diversity of Substrate or Microbial Conversion into Biofuel Production
3.5.1 Carbohydrate: Homo-/Heterosaccharides, Simple Sugars, and Polymers
3.5.2 Plant Biomass: Lignocelluloses and Other Polysaccharides
3.6 Gaseous Carbon as CO2 into Biofuel
3.7 Cellular Metabolic Pathways for Key Biofuel
3.7.1 Alcohol-Based and Alcohol Derivatives of Biofuel
3.7.2 Isoprin-Based Biofuel from Plants
3.8 Plants with Secondary Metabolites: A Source of Sustainable Energy
3.9 Special Features for Plants in Sustainable Energy Production
3.10 Cellular Sustainability for Over-Produced Organic Compounds
3.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Microbial Waste Biomass as a Resource of Renewable Energy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biofuels
4.3 Microbial Conversion
4.3.1 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
4.3.2 Pyrolysis, Gasification and Liquefaction
4.4 Microbes Used in Production of Biofuels
4.4.1 Bacteria
4.4.2 Yeast
4.4.3 Fungi
4.4.4 Algae
4.4.4.1 Bioethanol
4.4.4.2 Biodiesel
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Large-Scale Energy Storage
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Recent Technology in Energy Storage Device
5.2.1 Lead-Acid Battery
5.2.2 Lithium-Ion Battery
5.2.3 Redox Flow Battery
5.2.3.1 Zinc-Chloride Battery
5.2.3.2 Zinc-Air Battery
5.2.3.3 Zinc-Bromide Battery
5.2.3.4 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
5.2.4 Sodium-Sulfur Battery
5.2.5 Nickel-Cadmium Battery
5.2.6 Supercapacitors
5.3 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery System
5.3.1 Recent VRFB Installation kW to MW Level
5.3.2 Comparison of VRFB with Other Battery
5.3.3 Advantage of VRFB with Other Batteries
5.3.4 Experimental and Modeling Studies
5.4 Challenges in the Integration of VRFB System with Energy Generation System
5.5 Energy Storage Coupled to Energy Generation
5.5.1 Solar PV System
5.5.2 Wind Turbine
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Simulation: A Thermodynamic Equilibrium Approach
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Research Background
6.3 Literature Review
6.3.1 Significance of Research
6.4 Research Methodology
6.4.1 Reactor Model
6.4.2 Simulation Methodology
6.4.3 Reactions Involved
6.4.4 Proposed Experimental Setup
6.5 Kinetic Modeling
6.6 Simulation Method
6.7 Results
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Potential of Waste Cooking Oil for Emphasizing Biodiesel: Put Waste to Green Energy
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 The Global Demand for Energy Alternatives
7.1.2 Various Feedstocks for Biofuel Production
7.1.3 Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel
7.1.4 Cooking Oil Vs. Waste Cooking Oil
7.1.4.1 Use of Oil and Fat as a Food Additive, in Food, and the Preparation of Food
7.1.4.2 Waste Cooking Oil (WCO)
7.1.5 Composition of Fatty Acids in Cooking Oil and Waste Cooking Oil
7.1.5.1 Pollution of the Environment, Groundwater, and Surface Water as a Result of Discarded Cooking Oil
7.1.5.2 Toxicity of Waste Oil on the Environment
7.2 Use of Used Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production
7.2.1 Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil
7.2.1.1 Chemical Catalysts
Homogeneous Catalysts
Heterogeneous Catalysts
Mixed Catalysts
7.2.1.2 Biocatalysts
7.2.2 Challenges in Biodiesel Production Using WCO
7.2.2.1 The Amount of Water in Feedstock
Hydrogels
Anhydrous Chemical Compounds
7.2.2.2 Waste Catalyst Generation
7.2.2.3 Soap Production Occurs During the Transesterification Process
7.3 Additional Uses of WCO
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Low-Cost Biomass Adsorbents for Arsenic Removal from Wastewater
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conventional Methods
8.2.1 Membrane Technologies
8.2.2 Adsorption
8.2.3 Phytoremediation
8.2.4 Microbial Phytoremediation
8.3 Nanoparticles for Arsenic Removal from Wastewater
8.3.1 Arsenic-Contaminated Nanoparticle Disposal
8.3.2 Reactivation and Reuse
8.3.3 Stability Problems
8.4 Metal Organic Frameworks
8.5 Summary and Perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Biodiesel Production from Algal Biomass
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Algae Biology
9.3 Advantages of Using Microalgae for Biodiesel Production
9.4 Technologies for Microalgal Biomass Production
9.4.1 Phototrophic Production
9.4.1.1 Open Pond Production System
9.4.1.2 Closed Photobioreactor
9.4.1.3 Hybrid Production System
9.4.2 Heterotrophic Production
9.4.3 Mixotrophic Production
9.4.4 Factors Affecting the Microalgae Production Process
9.4.4.1 Effect of Photosynthetic Efficiency (PE)
9.4.4.2 Impact of Strain Selection
9.4.4.3 Lipid Productivity
9.4.5 Useful Co-processes During the Production of Microalgae
9.4.5.1 Utilization of CO2 from Flue Gases
9.4.5.2 Treatment of Wastewater
9.5 Recovery of Microalgal Biomass
9.5.1 Harvesting Methods
9.5.1.1 Flocculation Aggregation
9.5.1.2 Flotation
9.5.1.3 Gravity and Centrifugal Sedimentation
9.5.1.4 Biomass Filtration
9.5.2 Recovery of Microalgal Biomass
9.5.2.1 Dehydration Process
9.5.2.2 Recovery of Algal Metabolites
9.5.2.3 Solvent Extraction
9.6 Algal Biomass to Biodiesel
9.6.1 Traditional Transesterification (TT) Method
9.6.1.1 Molar Ratio of Reactants
9.6.1.2 Effect of Catalyst
9.6.1.3 Effect of Time and Temperature
9.6.2 Direct Transesterification (DT)
9.6.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Method
9.6.2.2 Ultrasonication
9.6.2.3 Parameters Affecting Direct Transesterification
9.7 Conclusion and Future Direction of Research
References
Chapter 10: Valorisation of Agricultural and Food Waste Biomass for Production of Bioenergy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Agriculture and Food Waste Characteristics
10.3 Valorisation of Food Wastes
10.3.1 Mechanical Processes
10.3.1.1 Pelletization
10.3.2 Thermochemical Processes
10.3.2.1 Pyrolysis
10.3.2.2 Gasification
10.3.2.3 Combustion
10.3.3 Biochemical Processes
10.3.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion
10.3.3.2 Fermentation
10.3.3.3 Transesterification
10.4 Forms of Bioenergy Sources
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Biomass Conversion: Production of Oxygenated Fuel Additives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Reasoning of Chapter
11.3 Biorefinery and Sustainability Concept Through Renewable Bio-based Feedstock
11.4 Biodiesel Production and Co-generation of Glycerol
11.5 Glycerol Etherification and Esterification: Role of a Catalyst
11.6 Etherification
11.6.1 Types of Solid Acid Catalyst
11.6.1.1 Silica-Based Solid Acids
11.6.1.2 Zeolite-Based Solid Acid Catalyst
11.6.1.3 Polymer-Based Solid Acid Catalyst
11.6.1.4 Zirconia-Based Solid Acid Catalyst
11.7 Activity Correlation in Catalytic Etherification of Renewable Glycerol
11.8 Characterization Techniques
11.9 Types of Fuel Additives
11.10 Fuel Additives and Their Importance
11.11 Methodologies and Analysis
11.12 Catalyst preparation
11.13 Experimental Setup
11.13.1 Catalyst Screening for Etherification Reaction Catalysts
11.13.2 Catalyst Screening for Esterification Reaction Catalysts
11.14 Experimental Procedure: Glycerol Etherification with Tert-Butyl Alcohol
11.15 Experimental Procedure: Glycerol Esterification with Acetic Acid
11.16 Summary
References
Untitled
Chapter 12: Application of Microbial-Based Adsorbent for Removal of Heavy Metal from Aqueous Solution
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Heavy Metals
12.2.1 Copper (cu)
12.2.2 Chromium (Cr)
12.2.3 Lead (Pb)
12.2.4 Cadmium (Cd)
12.3 Biosorption
12.3.1 Biosorption Mechanism
12.3.2 Factors Affecting Biosorption
12.3.2.1 Effect of pH
12.3.2.2 Effect of Temperature
12.3.2.3 Characteristics of Biomass
12.3.2.4 Biomass Concentration
12.4 Biosorbents
12.4.1 Surface Modification and Development of Bioabsorbents
12.5 Heavy Metal Adsorption Using Microbial Biomass
12.5.1 Adsorption by Bacterial Biomass
12.5.2 Adsorption with the Help of Algal Biomass
12.5.3 Adsorption by Fungal Biomass
12.5.4 Adsorption by Endophytes
12.6 Biosorption Selection Biosorbents
12.7 Biosorption Models: Kinetics and Isotherms
12.7.1 Biosorption Isotherms
12.7.1.1 Single Component Isotherm Models
Langmuir Model
Freundlich Model
Temkin Model
Toth Model
Redlich -Peterson Model
12.7.2 Kinetic Models
12.7.2.1 Pseudo First-Order Kinetic Model
12.7.2.2 Pseudo Second-Order Kinetic Model
12.7.2.3 Weber and Morris Intra Particle Diffusion Model
12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References