Rebuilding Communities after Displacement: Sustainable and Resilience Approaches

International Scientific/Peer-Review Committee
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Response Management for Displaced Communities
1 Rebuilding After Displacement: Identifying the Needs of Displaced Communities from the Perspective of the Built Environment
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Resettlement and Integration of the Displaced Communities in the UK
1.2 Methodology
1.3 Literature Review
1.4 Research Findings and Discussion
1.4.1 Housing Provision
1.4.2 Socio-Cultural Needs
1.4.3 Social Infrastructure Needs
1.4.4 Economic Needs
1.4.5 Physical Infrastructure Needs
1.4.6 Governance Needs
1.4.7 Communities with Special Needs
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Micro-narratives on People’s Perception of Climate Change and Its Impact on Their Livelihood and Migration: Voices from the Indigenous Aymara People in the Bolivian Andes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Framework
2.2.1 Vulnerability and Resilience
2.2.2 Migration
2.2.3 Environmental Migration
2.3 Study Area Profile
2.4 Methodology
2.4.1 Rationale
2.4.2 Design
2.4.3 Participants’ Profile
2.4.4 Process of Gathering Information and Data Analysis
2.5 Results and Discussion
2.5.1 People’s Perception of Climate Change
2.5.2 The Impacts of Climate Change on Livelihood and Well-Being
2.5.3 Adaptation to Climate Change and Indigenous Knowledge
2.5.4 Human Migration
2.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications
Appendix 1: Guiding Questions for In-Depth Interviews
Appendix 2: Guiding Questions for Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
References
3 From Zero to Hero? Changes in the Estonian Context for Refugees
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Prior to February 2022
3.1.2 Following the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in February 2022
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Findings
3.3.1 Governance and Organisational Context
3.3.2 National Systems and Programmes
3.3.3 Housing
3.3.4 Sociocultural Context
3.3.5 Economic Context
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Challenges of Resilience Building Among Traditional Agricultural Communities Displaced by the Landslides
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Method
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Impact of Agricultural Practices
4.3.2 Recognized Approaches and Challenges
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Displaced Fishermen Off the Coast: Impact of Multiple Hazards on Life Above the Water
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
5.5 Directions for Future Research
References
6 Drivers of Slow-Onset Displacement in the Coastal Mid-Atlantic Region and Preferences for Receiving Locations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Findings
6.5 Discussion
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Living with Landslide Risks: A Case of Resistance to Relocation Among Vulnerable Households Residing in the Kegalle District of Sri Lanka
7.1 Background
7.1.1 Resistance to Relocation
7.1.2 Importance of the Study
7.2 Study Site
7.2.1 Physical Setting of the Study Area
7.2.2 Methodology
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Visual Illustration of the Communities Living with Landslide Risk
7.3.2 Identification of the Primary Causes Behind the Reluctance of Residents to Relocate
7.3.3 Investigation of the Prevailing Awareness of Dwellers on Disaster Risk Mitigation Measures
7.3.4 Evaluation of the Suggestions of Dwellers on the Process of Relocation
7.3.5 Suggestions to Develop a Balanced Policy Framework of Rational Decision-Making on Resettlement Alternatives
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Internal Displacement in Nigeria: What Are the Preventive Measures?
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Research Methodology
8.3 The Concept of Displacement
8.3.1 Causes of Displacement
8.3.2 The Consequences of Displacement
8.4 Protracted Displacement
8.5 Internal Displacement in Nigeria and Its Consequences
8.6 Preventive Measures for Internal Displacement
8.7 Discussion of Findings—What Are the Causes of Displacement and Its Preventive Measures?
8.7.1 The Causes of Displacement
8.7.2 What Are the Preventive Measures for Displacement?
8.8 The Summary of Findings
8.9 Conclusion
References
Part II The Built Environment in Resettlement Planning
9 An Architectural Analysis of Tsunami Re-settlement Villages of South of Sri Lanka
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Pre-disaster Living Environment of Coastal Communities
9.3.2 Single Story Housing Designs
9.3.3 Duplex Housing Designs: Single-Story and Two-Story Houses
9.3.4 Housing Complex: Flat
9.4 Conclusions
References
10 Forced Displacement Following Reconstruction Approaches After 2005 Zarand Earthquake, Iran
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methodology
10.2.1 Background
10.2.2 Methods
10.2.3 Theoretical Framework
10.3 Case Studies
10.3.1 Gatoo Village
10.3.2 Dahoo Village
10.3.3 Reyhan City
10.4 Results
10.4.1 Physical Factors
10.4.2 Sociocultural Factors
10.4.3 Economic Factors
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Disaster-Induced Relocation of Vulnerable Households: Evidence from Planned Relocation in Sri Lanka
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Background
11.1.2 Planned Relocation as a DRR Strategy
11.1.3 Conceptualizing Vulnerability
11.2 Methodology
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 An Overview of the Relocation Programs
11.3.2 Policy Guidelines on Relocating the Vulnerable
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 How are Tamil Villages Reconstructed? Ethnography of Place-Making in Post-war Reconstruction in Sri Lanka
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Research Field Sites
12.4 What are “Village and Village-Temple Consciousness?”
12.5 Problems and Observations Encountered in Post-war Reconstruction
12.6 Place-Making Through “Village” and “Village-Temple Consciousness”
12.7 “Village-Temple Consciousness” as a Model of or Model for Post-war Reconstruction
12.8 Analysis
12.9 Conclusion
References
Part III Governance of Displacement
13 Reproducing Vulnerabilities Through Forced Displacement: A Case Study of Flood Victims in Galle District, Sri Lanka
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology and Limitations
13.3 Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations
13.3.1 Theoretical Underpinnings: Structure and Agency
13.3.2 Conceptual Framework
13.4 A Case Study of the Forcefully Displaced Family
13.5 How Does Forced Displacement Lead to Reproduction of Further Risks and Socio-economic Vulnerabilities?
13.6 Questions and Concerns Raised in Forced Displacement
13.7 Disaster Resilience Oriented Disaster Governance? Drawing Conclusions
References
14 Verticalized Slums, Governmentality and Pandemic Governance: A Critical Hermeneutical Analysis of Governance Practices in a Selected Urban High-Rise in Colombo, Sri Lanka
14.1 Introduction: Pandemic Governance—Pandemic Injustice?
14.2 Background: The Social Costs for Structural Beautification and Modernization
14.2.1 Criticisms on the Displacement and Relocation Process of URP
14.2.2 Criticisms on the Resettlement Process of URP
14.3 Conceptual Framework: The High-Rises Revisited in the Light of Foucault’s Concept of Panopticism
14.4 Methodology
14.5 Findings
14.5.1 Institutionalized Network of Control: The Medical Clinic and Police Post in Mihijaya Sevana
14.5.2 The Corridor—A Modern Spatial Arrangement of Panopticism for Internal Surveillance
14.6 Conclusion
References
15 Policy Recommendations for Built Environment Professional Bodies in Upgrading Their Professional Competencies to Address Displacement Contexts
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.2.1 Stage 1—Mapping of the Initial Literature Review Findings Against the REGARD Competencies
15.2.2 Stage 2—Recognising Competency Gaps by Evaluating the Outcomes of the Stage 1 Mapping Exercise Based on the Findings of the Competency Audit
15.2.3 Stage 3—Developing Policy Recommendations Based on the Results of Stage 2
15.3 Findings and Discussion
15.3.1 Understanding the Contextual Differences and Dynamics of Displacement
15.3.2 Considering Several Stages of Displacement
15.3.3 Mainstreaming Disaster Management and Resilience in Built Environment Initiatives
15.3.4 Prioritising the Well-Being and the Living Standards of the Displaced
15.3.5 Mainstreaming the Concept of Inclusive Built Environment to Accommodate Vulnerable Groups
15.3.6 Incorporating Cultural Sensitivity into Built Environment Interventions
15.3.7 Integrating Stakeholders into Built Environment Intervention
15.3.8 Recognising the Needs of the Host Community
15.3.9 Creating a Built Environment Which Accommodates Livelihood Initiatives
15.3.10 Recognising the Overall Societal Impacts of Displacement
15.3.11 Development of Public Spaces and Buildings for Recreational Facilities
15.3.12 Participation of Displaced in the Construction and Maintenance
15.3.13 Addressing Language Issues
15.3.14 Having a Legal Framework for Built Environment Initiatives in Mass Displacement
15.4 Conclusion
References
Part IV Socio-economic Interventions for Sustainable Resettlement
16 Socio-Economic Effects of War Against Terror-Induced Displacement on Host Communities in District Kohat, Pakistan
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Material and Methods
16.2.1 Study Area
16.2.2 Research Problem
16.2.3 Objectives of the Study
16.2.4 Data Acquisition and Analysis
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
17 Social Capital and Community Organizing in Community-Based COVID-19 Management in Two Resettlement Sites in the Philippines
17.1 Background
17.2 The Community Perspective
17.3 Social Capital and Community Organization
17.4 Study Design
17.4.1 The Two Communities and Their Community Organizing History
17.4.2 The Respondents and the Interview
17.4.3 Data Analysis
17.5 Results and Discussion
17.5.1 Immediate Reaction Towards the Lockdown
17.5.2 Setting up Community’s COVID-19 Management During ECQ (March–May)
17.5.3 The COVID-19 Management System During the MECQ to GCQ (May–July)
17.6 Conclusions
References
18 A Guideline for Host Communities in Selecting Effective Livelihood’s Interventions for Refugees in an Informal Refugee Resettlement: A Case Study of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Informal Refugee Resettlement in Thailand
18.3 An Overview of Refugee Livelihood Interventions
18.3.1 Participatory Approach
18.3.2 Holistic Approach
18.3.3 Partnership Approach
18.3.4 Refugee Livelihoods Intervention Challenges
18.4 Methodology
18.4.1 Analytical Framework
18.4.2 Participants and Data Collection
18.4.3 Ethical Consideration
18.5 Key Findings
18.5.1 Participatory Interventions
18.5.2 Holistic Interventions
18.5.3 Partnership Interventions
18.6 Concluding Remarks
18.7 Profile of Participants
References
19 Changes in Social Capital After the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake—Results of an Awareness Survey in Taro District, Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Survey Area
19.3 Research Method
19.4 Survey Items
19.4.1 Status of SC at the Time of the Survey
19.4.2 Pre- and Post-Disaster Comparison of SC
19.4.3 Personal Attributes
19.5 Analysis Method
19.6 Current Status of Social Capital
19.7 Changes in Social Capital Before and After the Earthquake
19.8 Relationship Between Current Social Capital and Changes Before and After the Earthquake
19.9 Attributes of Respondents Who Decreased Their Involvement with the Community
19.10 Conclusions
References
20 The Role of Social Capital as a Post-relocation Coping Mechanism: A Case Study of Kegalle, Sri Lanka
20.1 Background
20.2 Conceptual Framework
20.2.1 Social Capital
20.2.2 Types of Social Capital
20.3 Methodology
20.3.1 The Donor-Driven Setting
20.3.2 The GRS Setting
20.3.3 The IRS Setting
20.4 Research Findings
20.4.1 Impact of the Relocation on Social Capital
20.4.2 Coping Mechanisms to Address the Impact on the Social Capital Post-relocation
20.5 Discussion
20.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
21 Relocated or Displaced? A Social Inquiry of Tsunami-Induced Relocation Programme in Southern Sri Lanka
21.1 Background
21.2 Conceptual Framework
21.2.1 Introduction to the Main Concepts of the Study
21.2.2 Introduction to the Conceptual Frameworks of the Study
21.3 Methodology and Procedures
21.4 Social Impacts: Constraints Faced by the Settlers
21.4.1 Landlessness
21.4.2 Marginalization
21.4.3 Loss of Access to Common Resources
21.4.4 Joblessness
21.4.5 Poor Health, Food Security, and Social Disintegration
21.5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
22 Migrants and Resettlement: Mobilising Co-existence Through Social Cohesion
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Migration and Environment
22.3 Methodology
22.4 Social Cohesion and Migration
22.5 Cohesion and Co-existence
22.6 Existing Provisions for Migrant Resettlement in India
22.7 Results
22.8 Discussion
22.9 Conclusion
References