Reading The World: Ideas That Matter

Cover (Reading the World: Ideas That Matter)......Page 1
Half Title
......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface
......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Timeline
......Page 22
Pronunciation Guide
......Page 28
Part 1 - Reading the World......Page 30
1 - Education: What Does It Mean to Be an Educated Person?......Page 34
Hsün Tzu: Encouraging Learning
......Page 36
Seneca: on Liberal and Vocational Studies
......Page 44
Laurentius de Voltolina: Liber Ethicorum des Henricus de Alemania
......Page 52
Frederick Douglass: Learning to Read
......Page 55
John Henry Newman: from Knowledge Its Own End......Page 62
Rabindranath Tagore: To Teachers
......Page 71
Virginia Woolf: Shakespeare’s Sister......Page 77
Richard Feynman: O Americano Outra Vez
......Page 84
Martha Nussbaum: Education for Profit, Education for Democracy
......Page 92
2 - Human Nature and the Mind: What Is the Essence of Humanity?......Page 102
Plato: The Speech of Aristophanes......Page 105
Mencius: Man’s Nature Is Good......Page 109
Hsün Tzu: Man’s Nature Is Evil......Page 115
Thomas Hobbes: From Leviathan......Page 125
John Locke: Of Ideas......Page 131
Two Pictures of the Brain......Page 135
Carl Jung: from The Red Book......Page 139
Ruth Benedict: The Individual and the Pattern of Culture......Page 143
Nicholas Carr: A Thing Like Me......Page 154
Daniel Kahneman: from Thinking, Fast and Slow......Page 165
3 - Language and Rhetoric: How Do We Use Language to Communicate Persuasively?......Page 176
Aeschylus: The Eumenides
......Page 179
Pericles: The Funeral Oration
......Page 189
Plato: from Gorgias......Page 197
Aristotle: from Rhetoric......Page 208
Augustine: from On Christian Doctrine......Page 215
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: from La Respuesta......Page 220
Wayne Booth: The Rhetorical Stance......Page 229
Gloria Anzaldúa: How to Tame a Wild Tongue
......Page 236
Toni Morrison: Nobel Lecture
......Page 248
Zeynep Tufekci: Networked Politics from Tahrir to Taksim: Is There a Social Media–Fueled Protest Style?......Page 256
4 - The Arts : Why Do Humans Create Art?......Page 264
Mo Tzu: Against Music
......Page 267
Boethius: from Of Music
......Page 273
Lady Murasaki Shikibu: On the Art of the Novel
......Page 279
Johannes Vermeer: Study of a Young Woman
......Page 284
Edmund Burke: from The Sublime and Beautiful
......Page 287
William Blake: The Tyger
......Page 293
Leo Tolstoy : from What Is Art?
......Page 296
Alice Walker: Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self......Page 302
Elaine Scarry: from On Beauty and Being Just
......Page 310
Lisa Yuskavage: Babie I
......Page 317
5 - Science and Nature: How Can We Best Understand the Natural World?......Page 320
Lucretius: from De Rerum Natura
......Page 323
Matsuo Bashō: The Narrow Road to the Interior......Page 331
Joseph Wright of Derby: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump......Page 339
William Paley: from Natural Theology......Page 342
Charles Darwin: from Natural Selection; or, the Survival of the Fittest
......Page 345
Rachel Carson: The Obligation to Endure
......Page 359
Karl Popper: from Science as Falsification......Page 367
Barry Commoner: The Four Laws of Ecology......Page 375
Edward O. Wilson: The Fitness of Human Nature......Page 387
Wangari Maathai: Foresters without Diplomas......Page 394
Vandana Shiva: from Soil, Not Oil
......Page 405
6 - Law and Government: What Is the Role of Law and Government in Society?......Page 412
Lao Tzu: from the Tao Te Ching......Page 415
Christine de Pizan: from The Treasure of the City of Ladies
......Page 428
Niccolò Machiavelli: from The Prince
......Page 436
Abraham Bosse: Frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan
......Page 445
James Madison: Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments
......Page 448
Martin Luther King Jr.: Letter from Birmingham Jail......Page 456
Aung San Suu Kyi: from In Quest of Democracy
......Page 473
Desmond Tutu: Nuremberg or National Amnesia: A Third Way
......Page 481
Barack Obama: A More Perfect Union......Page 491
7 - War and Peace: Is War Ever Justified?......Page 504
Mo Tzu: Against Offensive Warfare
......Page 507
Sun Tzu: from The Art of War......Page 510
St. Thomas Aquinas: from Summa Theologica......Page 514
Desiderius Erasmus: from Against War
......Page 519
Eugène Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People
......Page 525
Pablo Picasso: Guernica
......Page 528
Margaret Mead: Warfare: An Invention—Not a Biological Necessity
......Page 531
George Orwell: Pacifism and the War
......Page 539
Marevasei Kachere: War Memoir
......Page 545
Women of World War II Monument
......Page 552
Tawakkol Karman: Nobel Lecture
......Page 555
8 - Wealth, Poverty, and Social Class: What Are the Ethical Implications of Socioeconomic Inequality?......Page 564
Epictetus: To Those Who Fear Want
......Page 567
New Testament: Luke, Chapter 16
......Page 572
William Hogarth: Gin Lane
......Page 579
Po-Chü-I: The Flower Market
......Page 576
Thomas Malthus: from An Essay on the Principle of Population
......Page 583
Mohandas Gandhi: Economic and Moral Progress
......Page 591
Dorothea Lange: Migrant Mother
......Page 599
Simone Weil: Equality......Page 602
Octavio Paz: from The Day of the Dead
......Page 606
Garrett Hardin: Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Helping the Poor
......Page 613
Joseph Stiglitz: Rent Seeking and the Making of an Unequal Society
......Page 625
Part 2 - A Guide to Reading and Writing......Page 634
9 - Reading Ideas......Page 636
Prereading
......Page 637
Annotating
......Page 640
Identifying Patterns
......Page 643
Reading Visual Texts
......Page 645
Summarizing
......Page 648
Reading with a Critical Eye......Page 649
Considering Expectations......Page 652
Exploring Your Topic......Page 656
Achieving Subtlety......Page 659
11 - Structuring Ideas......Page 664
Thesis Statements
......Page 665
Introductions......Page 669
Transitions
......Page 672
Conclusions
......Page 677
12 - Supporting Ideas......Page 680
Supporting Claims with Evidence
......Page 681
Logos: Appeals to Logic and Reason
......Page 683
Pathos: Appeals to Emotion
......Page 692
Ethos: The Writer's Appeal
......Page 694
Anticipating Counterarguments
......Page 697
13 - Synthesizing Ideas......Page 699
Summarizing Multiple Sources
......Page 700
Comparing and Contrasting......Page 701
Finding Themes and Patterns......Page 703
Synthesizing Ideas to Form Your Own Argument......Page 707
14 - Incorporating Ideas......Page 712
Finding Sources......Page 713
Evaluating Sources......Page 715
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
......Page 716
Documenting Sources......Page 721
Documentation Styles......Page 723
Sample Documented Essay (MLA Format)......Page 729
15 - Revising and Editing......Page 733
Rethinking

......Page 734
Rewriting
......Page 735
Editing
......Page 736
Revising and Editing Checklist
......Page 737
Credits......Page 740
Index......Page 744