Rare Isotope Beams (RIBs) are ion beams of exotic radioactive nuclei. The study of these nuclei is key to understanding the limits of nuclear existence, nucleo-synthesis in such violent stellar sites as supernovae and merging neutron stars, and the fundamental symmetries of nature. These nuclei also provide a unique probe to study condensed matter and many of them are potentially new radioisotopes for more effective medical diagnostics and therapy.
Rare Isotope Beams: Concepts and Techniques gives an up-to-date overview of all these aspects of RIB science in a single volume containing the scientific motivation, production techniques, experimental techniques for studying exotic nuclei, methods used in condensed matter research, and medical applications. The emphasis throughout is on concepts to facilitate understanding of the essence of each topic in this diverse and cross-disciplinary field involving nuclear physics, astrophysics, and particle accelerators. A brief description of major RIB facilities is also presented.
Exotic nuclei are difficult to produce in enough numbers and their production involves different nuclear reaction routes and a wide range of advanced technologies, which are presented in a comprehensive manner. Experimental techniques used to study exotic nuclei are provided with examples highlighting the intricate nature of such experiments. Another unique feature is the open-ended nature of the discussions, bringing out the future challenges and possibilities in this evolving field.
The book offers an excellent overview of concepts and techniques involved in RIB science for new researchers entering the field as well as professionals.
Author(s): Alok Chakrabarti, Vaishali Naik, Siddhartha Dechoudhury
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2020
Language: English
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 Rare Isotope Beams—The Scientific Motivation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 RIBs and Nuclear Physics
1.2.1 The Limits of Nuclear Stability
1.2.2 Nuclear Halo in Drip Line and Near Drip Line Nuclei
1.2.3 Evolution of Shell Structure away from Stability
1.3 Nuclear Astrophysics: The Origin of Elements, the Stellar Evolution and the Role of RIBs
1.3.1 Primordial or Big Bang Nucleo-Synthesis
1.3.2 Nucleo-Synthesis in Stars up to Iron
1.3.3 Synthesis of Elements Heavier Than Iron: The S, R and P Processes
1.3.3.1 The S Process
1.3.3.2 The R Process
1.3.3.3 The P Process Nucleo-Synthesis
1.4 RIBs and the Test of Fundamental Symmetries of Nature
1.4.1 The Electric Di-Pole Moment in Atomic Systems and the CP Violation
1.4.2 Atomic Parity Violation
1.4.3 The CVC Hypothesis, Nuclear Beta-Decay and the Unitarity of CKM Quark Mixing Matrix
1.4.3.1 The CVC and the Nuclear Beta Decay
1.4.3.2 Unitarity of CKM Matrix
1.5 RIBs and Condensed Matter Physics
1.5.1 Mossbauer Spectroscopy
1.5.2 Perturbed Angular Correlation
1.5.3 β--NMR
1.6 RIBs: Medical Physics and Applications
Chapter 2 Production of Rare Isotope Beams: The Two Approaches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The ISOL Post-Accelerator Approach
2.3 The PFS Approach
2.4 Comparison between the ISOL and PFS Approaches
2.5 The Combined Approaches
Chapter 3 Nuclear Reactions for Production of Rare Isotope Beams
3.1 Production of RIBs in High-Energy Proton-Induced Reactions (Spallation/Target Fragmentation)
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 The Spallation Reaction Process
3.1.3 Production of Neutron-Deficient Exotic Nuclei Using Spallation–Evaporation Reaction
3.1.4 Production of n-Rich Exotic Nuclei in Spallation–Fission Reaction
3.1.5 Highly Asymmetric Fission vs Multi-Fragmentation
3.1.6 Measured Yields of Exotic Species Using Spallation Reaction at ISOLDE
3.1.7 Reaction Codes for Spallation Reaction
3.2 Production of RIBs Using High and Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Induced Projectile Fragmentation and In-Flight Fission Reactions
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 The PF Reaction Process
3.2.3 Limiting Fragmentation and Factorization
3.2.4 Momentum/Energy Width of the Projectile Fragments
3.2.5 Production of Exotic Species in PF Reaction
3.2.5.1 Production of Neutron-Deficient Nuclei
3.2.5.2 Production of n-Rich Nuclei
3.2.6 Production of n-Rich Nuclei in In-Flight Fission of 238U
3.2.7 Choice of Target Thickness, Target and Projectile Energy
3.2.8 Reaching Closer to the Neutron Drip Line Using Fragmentation of Secondary RIBs
3.2.9 Theoretical Estimation of Production Cross-Sections in PF Reaction
3.3 Fission Induced by Low-Energy Neutrons, Protons and Gamma Rays
3.3.1 The Fission Process
3.3.2 Production of n-Rich Isotopes in Fission Induced by Thermal Neutrons
3.3.3 Production of n-Rich Isotopes in Fission Induced by Energetic Protons/Light Ions
3.3.4 Fission Induced by Energetic Neutrons
3.3.5 Fission Induced by Gamma Rays
3.4 Production of RIBs Using Low-Energy Heavy Ions above the Coulomb Barrier
3.4.1 Fusion–Evaporation Reactions for the Production of Neutron-Deficient Nuclei
3.4.2 Deep Inelastic Transfer Reactions
Chapter 4 Targets for RIB Production
4.1 Introduction
4.2 High-Power Targets for ISOL Facilities
4.3 Types of Target Material
4.4 R&D for Future ISOL Targets
4.5 Target Station in ISOL Method
4.6 Targets for PFS Facilities
4.7 High-Power Beam Dumps
Chapter 5 Ion Sources for RIB Production in ISOL-Type Facilities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ion Sources for 1+ Charge State Production
5.2.1 Surface Ion Source
5.2.2 The Resonant Ionization Laser Ion Source for Metallic Ions
5.2.3 Forced Electron Beam Arc Discharge (FEBIAD) Ion Source
5.3 Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) Ion Source
5.3.1 ECIRS for 1+ Charge State
5.3.2 ECIRS for High Charge State Production
5.3.3 ECRIS as Charge Breeder
5.4 The EBIS: For High Charge State Production and as Charge Breeder
5.5 Positioning the First Ion Source away from The Target (the HeJRT Technique)
Chapter 6 Accelerators for RIB Production and Post-Acceleration
6.1 Introduction
Driver and the Post-Accelerator
6.2 DC Accelerators for RIB Production
6.3 Cyclic Accelerators for RIB Production
6.3.1 Cyclotrons
6.3.2 Synchrotrons
6.4 Linear Accelerators for RIB Production
6.4.1 Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) Linac
6.4.2 Acceleration to High Energies: Room Temperature Linacs
6.4.3 Acceleration to High Energies: Superconducting Linacs
6.5 Beam Acceleration and Charge Stripper
6.6 Post-Accelerators for Acceleration of RIBs in ISOL Facilities
Chapter 7 Experimental Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Separation of Isotopes in ISOL- and PFS-Type RIB Facilities
7.3 Isotope Separation in ISOL-Type RIB Facilities
7.3.1 Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) Cooler
7.3.2 High-Resolution Separator—A Typical Example
7.3.3 Identification of Isotopes in ISOL-Type Facilities
7.4 Separation in In-Flight Separators at Intermediate and Relativistic Energies (~50 to 1500 MeV/u)
7.4.1 Identification of New Isotopes in the PFS Method
7.5 Measurement of Mass
7.5.1 Indirect Methods for Mass Measurement of Exotic Nuclei
7.5.1.1 Qβ and Qα Measurements
7.5.1.2 Missing Mass Method
7.5.1.3 Invariant Mass Spectroscopy
7.5.2 Direct Methods of Mass Measurement of Exotic Nuclei
7.5.3 Mass Separation and Measurement in Paul and Penning Traps
7.5.3.1 Paul Trap
7.5.3.2 Penning Trap
7.5.3.3 MR-ToF and Measurement of Mass
7.6 Mass Measurements in Storage Ring
7.6.1 Schottky Mass Spectrometry (SMS)
7.6.2 Isochronous Mass Spectrometry (IMS)
7.7 Measurement of Ground State Properties of Nuclei Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques
7.7.1 The Collinear Laser Spectroscopy (CLS) Technique
7.7.2 The Collinear Resonant Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) Technique
7.7.3 Optical Pumping Using Collinear Laser and β–NMR
7.8 Matter Radii of Drip Line Isotopes through Measurements of Interaction Cross-Sections
7.9 Measurement of Half-Life of Exotic Nuclei
7.10 Coulomb Excitation and Study of Exotic Nuclei
7.10.1 Coulomb Break-Up
7.11 Measurement of Cross-Sections for Nuclear Astrophysics
7.11.1 Measurement of Proton Capture Cross-Section, Direct Methods
7.11.1.1 Study of Charged Particle Capture Reactions Using Recoil Mass Separators
7.11.1.2 Study of Charged Particle Capture Reactions Using Low-Energy Ion Storage Rings
7.11.1.3 Direct Measurement of (n, γ) Cross-Sections Using Storage Rings
7.11.2 Coulomb Dissociation Technique for Measuring (p, γ) and (n, γ) Reaction Rates
7.12 EDM Experiments
Chapter 8 Overview of Major RIB Facilities Worldwide
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Major ISOL-Type RIB Facilities
8.3 Major Projectile Fragment Separator (PFS) Type RIB Facilities
8.4 Specialized Facilities
References
Index
