This book provides a broad overview of Professor Raimo Väyrynen’s academic work, his role in international research organizations, and his contributions to policy debates. It offers an interesting review of important political issues during the time span of half a century, from disarmament in Europe to the changing relationship between state sovereignty and transnational forces. Väyrynen has dealt with the changing agenda of peace and international relations, security and the arms race, and the world economy. This book provides comprehensive analyses of the regional and systemic structure of international relations, with the emphasis on conflicts and warfare between nations. It argues that while states, even smaller ones, still matter, transnational issues are increasingly important. Taking a historical perspective, the articles suggest that large-scale violence and arms races have been recurrent and cyclical phenomena in international relations. These events reflect the deep-seated inequalities in the political and economic systems which, moreover, vary considerably between regions. The publication is important reading for any researcher as well as students, policy-makers and the science-oriented public at large. • Traces the changing agenda of international relations from disarmament and the world economy to the changing relationship between state sovereignty and transnational forces.
• Provides analyses of the regional and systemic structure in international relations, with the emphasis on conflicts and warfare.
• Argues that large-scale violence and the arms race have been recurrent and cyclical phenomena in international relations.
• Reviews important political issues from peace and conflict in Europe to the changing power relationship in the world.
Author(s): Raimo Väyrynen
Series: Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice, 28
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 634
City: Cham
Foreword by Olli Rehn
A Baby-Boomer Intellectual with Research Topics Ranging from Peace Studies and Arms Control to Small States and Globalization
Preface by Allan Rosas
A Personal Testimony
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I The Author
1 My Journey: From the Countryside to the World
1.1 The International Context
1.2 Education
1.2.1 Early Years in the Countryside
1.2.2 Studies at the University of Tampere
1.3 Career
1.3.1 Beginning a Research Career
1.3.2 Professor, Helsinki University
1.3.3 Professorships at Foreign Universities
1.3.4 Director of Kroc Institute, University of Notre Dame
1.3.5 Director, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies
1.3.6 President, the Academy of Finland
1.3.7 Executive Director, Finnish Institute of International Affairs
1.3.8 Chair of the Executive Board, University of Lapland
1.4 Focal Points of Research
1.4.1 Finnish Foreign Policy and Small-State Research
1.4.2 Disarmament and Détente
1.4.3 World-Systems Analysis
1.4.4 Research on Conflicts and Their Resolution
1.4.5 Globalization and Its Impact
1.5 Teaching and Students
1.6 International Research Organizations
1.7 Political and Social Influence
1.7.1 The Palme Commission
1.8 Concluding Remarks
1.9 Attachment: Curriculum Vitae of Raimo Väyrynen
1.9.1 Professor Emeritus
1.9.2 Academic Appointments
1.9.3 Academic Administration
1.9.4 Finnish Academic Associations
1.9.5 International Academic Associations
1.9.6 International Organizations
1.9.7 Public Positions in Finland
1.9.8 Academic Expert Statements
1.9.9 Editorial Positions
2 Comprehensive Bibliography of Raimo Väyrynen
Part II Selection of Core Articles: A Small States and Finnish Foreign Policy
3 On the Definition and Measurement of Small Power Status
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Some Possible Properties of Small Powers
3.2.1 Low Rank/Status
3.2.2 High Degree of Penetration by Environment
3.2.3 A Given Type of Behavior
3.2.4 Interests
3.2.5 A Distinct Role
3.3 Concluding Remarks
4 Adaptation of a Small Power to International Tensions: The Case of Finland
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Stability in Foreign Policy
4.2.1 The External Environment
4.3 The Domestic Context
4.4 Domestic Responses to External Challenges
4.4.1 The Integration Environment
4.4.2 The Conflict Environment
4.4.3 The Strategic Environment
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part III Selection of Core Articles: The Arms Race and Warfare
5 Domestic Crises and International Wars
5.1 War: An Act of Violence or a Systemic Shock?
5.2 Explaining Interstate Wars as Specific Acts of Violence
5.2.1 Theories of Hegemonic War
5.2.2 World War I
5.2.3 World War II
5.3 Concluding Observations
References
6 Capitalism, War, and Peace: Virtuous or Vicious Cycles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Feudalism
6.2.1 The Nature of the Feudal System
6.2.2 Feudalism and War
6.2.3 Transitions from Feudalism
6.3 State-Making and War
6.3.1 England
6.3.2 The European Continent
6.3.3 Absolutism and War
6.3.4 The Nature of the Absolutist Armies
6.4 Commercial Capitalism
6.4.1 Ideologies of Trade and Peace
6.4.2 The Development of Commercial Capitalism
6.4.3 Commerce and War
6.5 Industrial Capitalism
6.5.1 Concentration and War
6.6 Digital Capitalism
6.7 Conclusion
7 Economy, Power, and the Arms Race
7.1 Dimensions of Militarization
7.2 Long Waves and Arms Races
7.3 Power Transitions and International Conflicts
7.4 Power Transitions in History
7.5 National Military Efforts
7.5.1 The United States
7.5.2 The Soviet Union
7.5.3 Great Britain
7.6 Military Spending and Economic Development
7.7 Conclusions
References
8 Economic Cycles, Power Transitions, Political Management, and Wars Between Major Powers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Long Waves and Economic Cycles
8.3 Power Transitions
8.4 Political Management of International Relations
8.5 Hypotheses on the Occurrence of Wars
8.6 Empirical Assessment of the War Hypotheses
References
9 Military Alliances, Nuclear Deterrence and Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones
9.1 Deterrence and Alliances
9.2 Strategic Deterioration
9.3 Abandonment and Reprisal
9.4 NATO and NWFZs
9.5 Security Regimes
9.6 The Nordic Case
Part IV Selection of Core Articles: Peace and Conflict Research
10 Peace Research Between Idealism and Realism
10.1 Finnish Peace Research and the Theoretical Realism-Idealism Divide
10.1.1 A Stereotyped Debate
10.1.2 The Simplistic Reception of the Debate
10.1.3 Finnish Peace Research and Positivism
10.2 Beyond Stereotypes: Political Reasons for the Clash
10.2.1 Academic Competition
10.2.2 Foreign Policy Advice
10.3 A Nordic Perspective
References
11 To Settle or to Transform: Perspectives on the Resolution of National and International Conflicts
11.1 To Settle or to Transform?
11.2 Collective Violence and Its Transformation
11.3 The Monopoly of Violence and Its Erosion
11.4 Open and Closed Social Systems
11.5 Towards a New Perspective
References
12 Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Concepts and Issues
12.1 The Age of Dualism
12.1.1 The Declining State
12.1.2 New Vulnerabilities
12.2 Genocide and War
12.2.1 Genocide and Politicide
12.2.2 Civil Wars
12.2.3 Limits of the CHE Concept
12.3 Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
12.3.1 Human Security and Politics
12.3.2 War Casualties
12.3.3 Disease
12.3.4 Hunger
12.3.5 External and Internal Displacement
12.4 The Operationalization of Humanitarian Crises
12.4.1 The Selection of Cases
12.4.2 Regional Emergencies
12.5 Conclusion
12.6 Appendix
References
13 Stable Peace Through Security Communities? Steps Towards Theory-Building
13.1 The Research Puzzle
13.2 Defining the Security Community
13.2.1 Trust and Community
13.2.2 Internal Wars and Security
13.2.3 The Constructivist Challenge
13.2.4 Two Hard Cases
13.2.5 External Actors
13.3 Conclusion
References
Part V Selection of Core Articles: International Security
14 International Stability and Risky States: The Enforcement of Norms
14.1 When Is a State Risky?
14.2 Power and Norms
14.2.1 The Realist Perspective
14.2.2 The Norm-Based Approach
14.3 Norms Concerning Risky States
14.3.1 Internal Riskiness
14.3.2 External Riskiness
14.3.3 International Riskiness
14.4 Risky States in the ‘New’ International Relations
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Multilateral Security: Common, Cooperative or Collective
15.1 The Conceptual Problem
15.2 Challenges to Traditional Concepts
15.2.1 Economic Security
15.2.2 Environmental Security
15.2.3 Women’s Security
15.2.4 Minorities and Security
15.2.5 Methodological and Operational Issues
15.3 An Operational Solution
15.4 Multilateral Security Systems
15.4.1 Common Security
15.4.2 Cooperative Security
15.4.3 Collective Security
15.4.4 A Comparison
15.5 Threats to Security and Multilateral Responses
16 Common Security: A Metaphor and an Incipient Doctrine
16.1 The Concept of Common Security
16.2 Common Security Regimes
16.3 Toward Common Security in Europe
16.4 Deterrence and Common Security
16.5 Collective Security
References
Part VI Selection of Core Articles: Globalization, Geopolitics and Global Governance
17 Norms, Compliance and Enforcement of Global Governance
17.1 Introduction
17.2 From National Power to International Norms
17.3 Norms and Rules in International Relations
17.4 Endogenous and Exogenous Enforcement
17.5 Types of Norms and Rules
17.6 Enforcement and Its Limits
17.7 Conclusion
References
18 Sovereignty, Globalization, and Transnational Social Movements
18.1 Dimensions of Sovereignty
18.2 Globalization and Sovereignty
18.2.1 Sovereignty and Global Markets
18.2.2 Transaction Costs and Sovereignty
18.2.3 Transnational Spaces and Networks
18.3 Globalization and Transnational Movements
18.4 Transnational Movements and Sovereignty
18.5 Conclusion
References
19 World Economy and Geopolitics: The Case of Brazil
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Commodity Cycles and Economic Development
19.3 Territoriality and Political Development
19.4 New Forms of Expansion
19.5 The Brazilian School of Geopolitics
19.6 Geopolitics of the Interwar Years
19.7 Geopolitics of the Postwar Years
19.8 The South Atlantic and the Antarctic
References
Part VII Selection of Core Articles: Regionalism and International Structure
20 Regional Conflict Formations: An Intractable Problem of International Relations
20.1 Why and How to Study Regional Subsystems?
20.2 Types of Regional Subsystems
20.3 Regional Conflict Formations
20.3.1 Regional Systems and International Order
20.3.2 Forms of Regional Order
20.4 The Middle East
20.5 Other Conflict Formations
20.6 Causation in Regional Conflict Formations
20.6.1 Theoretical Considerations
20.7 Rebellious Periphery
20.8 Reactions of Great Power
References
21 Regionalism: Old and New
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Defining Regions
21.2.1 Key Distinctions
21.3 Regionalism and the End of the Cold War
21.3.1 The Prospect for Concerts
21.3.2 Globalization and Regionalization
21.3.3 Political-Military Regions
21.3.4 Toward a New Regionalism
21.3.5 Functional Regionalism
21.4 Conclusions
References
22 Reforming World Order: Multi- and Plurilateral Approaches
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Collective and Contextual Aspects
22.3 Inequality and Governance
22.4 Actors of Global Governance
22.4.1 The Role of the State
22.4.2 Private Actors
22.5 Hybrid Forms of Governance
22.6 The United Nations
22.7 Poverty Reduction
22.7.1 Globalisation, Growth and Poverty
22.7.2 Political Response
22.8 Debt Relief
22.9 Conclusion
References
On the Author
Index
