Radiologic Science for Technologists - Workbook and Laboratory Manual

FRONT COVER......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 6
PART TWO - THE X-RAY BEAM......Page 8
PART FOUR - SPECIAL X-RAY IMAGING......Page 9
PART FIVE - RADIATION PROTECTION......Page 10
WORKSHEETS......Page 12
Worksheet 1-1: Nature of Our Surroundings; Matter and Energy; Sources of Ionizing Radiation......Page 14
Worksheet 1-2: Discovery of X-Rays; Development of Modern Radiology......Page 16
Worksheet 1-3: Reports of Radiation Injury; Basic Radiation Protection; The Diagnostic Imaging Team......Page 20
Worksheet 2-1: Mathematics for Radiologic Science......Page 22
Worksheet 2-2: Milliampere-Second Conversions......Page 24
Worksheet 2-3: Graphing......Page 26
Worksheet 2-4: Numeric Prefixes......Page 36
Worksheet 2-5: Radiologic Units......Page 38
Worksheet 3-1: Units of Measurement......Page 42
Worksheet 3-2: Newton's Laws......Page 44
Worksheet 3-3: Mechanics......Page 46
Worksheet 4-1: Centuries of Discovery......Page 48
Worksheet 4-2: Fundamental Particles......Page 50
Worksheet 4-3: Combinations of Atoms; Magnitude of Matter......Page 52
Worksheet 4-4: Radioactivity......Page 54
Worksheet 4-5: Types of Ionizing Radiation......Page 58
Worksheet 5-1: Photons......Page 60
Worksheet 5-2: Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 62
Worksheet 5-3: Wave-Particle Duality......Page 64
Worksheet 5-4: Inverse Square Law......Page 68
Worksheet 5-5: X-Ray Photons......Page 70
Worksheet 5-6: Matter and Energy......Page 74
Worksheet 6-1: Electrostatics......Page 76
Worksheet 6-2: Electrodynamics......Page 78
Worksheet 6-3: Alternating and Direct Currents......Page 80
Worksheet 6-4: Magnetism......Page 84
Worksheet 7-1: Electromagnetic Effect; Electromagnetic Induction......Page 86
Worksheet 7-2: Electric Generators and Motors......Page 88
Worksheet 7-3: The Transformer......Page 90
Worksheet 7-4: Rectification......Page 92
Worksheet 8-1: Control of Kilovolt Peak......Page 94
Worksheet 8-2: Control of Milliamperage......Page 96
Worksheet 8-3: Exposure Timers......Page 98
Worksheet 8-4: High-Voltage Generation and Rectification......Page 100
Crossword puzzle......Page 102
Worksheet 9-1: The X-Ray Tube Cathode......Page 104
Worksheet 9-2: The X-Ray Tube Anode......Page 108
Worksheet 9-3: X-Ray Tube Rating Charts......Page 110
Worksheet 10-1: Characteristic Radiation......Page 114
Worksheet 10-2: Bremsstrahlung Radiation......Page 116
Worksheet 10-3: X-Ray Emission Spectrum......Page 120
Worksheet 10-4: Minimum Wavelength......Page 124
Worksheet 10-5: Factors Affecting the X-Kay Emission Spectrum......Page 126
Worksheet 11-1: X-Ray Quantity......Page 130
Worksheet 11-2: X-Ray Quality and Half-Value Layer......Page 132
Worksheet 11-3: Filtration......Page 136
Worksheet 12-1: Compton Effect......Page 138
Worksheet 12-2: Photoelectric Effect......Page 140
Worksheet 12-3: Differential Absorption......Page 142
Worksheet 13-1: Film Construction......Page 146
Worksheet 13-2: Formation of Latent Image......Page 148
Worksheet 13-3: Types of Film; Handling and Storage of Film......Page 150
Worksheet 14-1: Processing Chemistry......Page 152
Worksheet 14-2: Automatic Processing......Page 154
Worksheet 14-3: Quality Control; Artifacts......Page 156
Worksheet 15-1: Screen Construction; Luminescence; Screen Characteristics......Page 158
Worksheet 15-2: Screen-Film Combinations; Screen Care; Fluoroscopic Screens......Page 162
Crossword puzzle......Page 164
Worksheet 16-1: Production of Scatter Radiation......Page 166
Worksheet 16-2: Control of Scatter Radiation......Page 168
Worksheet 17-1: Characteristics of Grid Construction......Page 170
Worksheet 17-2: Measuring Grid Performance......Page 172
Worksheet 17-3: Types of Grids; Use of Grids; Grid Selection......Page 174
Worksheet 18-1: Fifteen Percent Rule......Page 176
Worksheet 18-2: Exposure Time......Page 178
Worksheet 18-3: Adjusting for Change in Distance......Page 180
Worksheet 18-4: Characteristics of the Imaging System......Page 182
Worksheet 19-1: Film Factors......Page 184
Worksheet 19-2: Geometric Factors......Page 188
Worksheet 19-3: Focal-Spot Blur......Page 190
Worksheet 19-4: Subject Factors......Page 192
Worksheet 19-5: Improving Radiographic Quality......Page 194
Worksheet 20-1: Patient Factors......Page 196
Worksheet 20-2: Image Quality Factors......Page 198
Worksheet 20-3: Radiographic Technique Charts......Page 200
Worksheet 21-1: Tomography; Stereoradiography; Magnification Radiography......Page 202
Crossword puzzle......Page 204
Worksheet 22-1: Basis for Mammography; X-Ray Imaging System; Magnification Mammography......Page 206
Worksheet 22-2: Image Receptors......Page 208
Worksheet 23-1: Quality Control Team; Quality Control Program......Page 210
Worksheet 24-1: Illumination; Human Vision......Page 214
Worksheet 24-2: Image Intensification......Page 216
Worksheet 24-3: Image Monitoring......Page 218
Crossword puzzle......Page 220
Worksheet 25-1: Types of Procedures; Basic Principles; IR Suite......Page 222
Worksheet 26-1: History of Computers; Anatomy of a Computer......Page 226
Worksheet 26-2: Computer Software; Processing Methods......Page 228
Crossword puzzle......Page 230
Worksheet 27-1: Digital Radiography......Page 232
Worksheet 28-1: Digital Fluoroscopy......Page 234
Worksheet 29-1: Principles of Operation of CT......Page 238
Worksheet 29-2: Image Characteristics; Image Quality; Quality Assurance......Page 240
Worksheet 30-1: Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography......Page 242
Worksheet 31-1: Quality Control......Page 246
Worksheet 32-1: Image Artifacts......Page 248
Crossword puzzle......Page 250
Worksheet 33-1: Human Radiation Response; Composition of the Body......Page 252
Worksheet 33-2: From Molecules to Humans; Human Biology......Page 256
Worksheet 34-1: Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau; Physical Factors Affecting Radiosensitivity......Page 260
Worksheet 34-2: Biologic Factors Affecting Radiosensiitivity; Radiation Dose-Response Relationships......Page 262
Worksheet 35-1: Irradiation of Macromolecules; Radiolysis of Water; Direct and Indirect Effect......Page 264
Worksheet 35-2: Target Theory; Cell Survival Kinetics; Linear Energy Transfer, Relative Biologic Effectiveness, and Oxygen Enhancement Ratio......Page 268
Worksheet 36-1: Acute Radiation Lethality; Local Tissue Damage......Page 272
Worksheet 36-2: Hematologic Effects; Cytogenetic Effects......Page 274
Crossword puzzle......Page 276
Worksheet 37-1: Local Tissue Effects; Life Span Shortening; Risk Estimates......Page 278
Worksheet 37-2: Radiation-Induced Malignancy; Total Risk of Malignancy; Radiation and Pregnancy......Page 280
Worksheet 38-1: Cardinal Principles of Radiation Protection; Dose Limit......Page 282
Worksheet 38-2: X-Rays and Pregnancy......Page 286
Worksheet 39-1: Design of X-Ray Apparatus; Design of Protective Barriers......Page 288
Worksheet 39-2: Radiation Detection and Measurement......Page 290
Worksheet 40-1: Occupational Exposure; Patient Dose......Page 292
Worksheet 40-2: Reduction of Occupational Exposure; Reduction of Unnecessary Patient Dose......Page 294
Crossword puzzle......Page 296
MATH TUTOR......Page 298
EXERCISE 1 - CALCULATING TOTAL mAs VALUES......Page 300
EXERCISE 2 - THE 100 mA STATION......Page 304
EXERCISE 3 - THE 200 mA AND 50 mA STATIONS......Page 306
EXERCISE 4 - THE 300 mA STATION......Page 308
EXERCISE 5 - THE 400, 500, AND 600 mA STATIONS......Page 310
EXERCISE 6 - COMPLEX FRACTIONS......Page 312
EXERCISE 7 - CONVERTING FRACTIONS INTO DECIMALS......Page 314
EXERCISE 8 - CONVERTING DECIMALS INTO FRACTIONS......Page 316
EXERCISE 9 - WARM-UP CALCULATIONS......Page 318
EXERCISE 10 - CALCULATIONS USING FRACTIONS......Page 320
EXERCISE 11 - CALCULATIONS USING DECIMALS......Page 322
EXERCISE 12 - APPLYING THE 15% RULE FOR KVP, APPLYING THE RULE IN STEPS, APPLYING THE RULE IN PORTIONS......Page 324
EXERCISE 13 - ADJUSTING FOR DISTANCE CHANGES, THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW, THE SQUARE LAW, RULES OF THUMB FOR DISTANCE CHANGES......Page 328
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS......Page 332
Experiment 1 - Inverse Square Law......Page 334
Experiment 2 - Effect of Source-to-Image Receptor Distance on Optical Density......Page 340
Experiment 3 - Effect of Source-to-Image Receptor Distance on Image Blur......Page 342
Experiment 4 - Effect of mAs on X-ray Quantity......Page 344
Experiment 5 - Effect of mAs on Optical Density......Page 348
Experiment 6 - X-Ray Beam Penetration......Page 352
Experiment 7 - Effect of kVp on X-ray Quantity......Page 354
Experiment 8 - Effect of kVp on Optical Density......Page 358
Experiment 9 - Effect of kVp on Image Contrast......Page 360
Experiment 10 - Half-Value Layer......Page 362
Experiment 11 - Effect of Field Size on Image Contrast......Page 368
Experiment 12 - Effect of Radiographic Grids on Optical Density and Image Contrast......Page 370
Experiment 13 - Effect of Grid Cutoff......Page 372
Experiment 14 - Effect of Intensifying Screens on Optical Density and Image Contrast......Page 374
Experiment 15 - Effect of Intensifying Screens on Image Blur......Page 378
Experiment 16 - Processor Quality Contol......Page 380
Experiment 17 - Effect of Focal Spot Size on Image Blur......Page 384
Experiment 18 - Effect of Object-to-Image Receptor Distance on Image Blur and Magnification......Page 386
Experiment 19 - Effect of Object Alignment on Image Distortion......Page 388
Experiment 20 - Anode Heel Effect......Page 390
Experiment 21 - Effective Focal Spot Size......Page 394
Experiment 22 - Repeat Analysis......Page 398
Experiment 23 - Tomography......Page 404
Experiment 24 - Radiographic Quality Control Survey......Page 406
Experiment 25 - Fluorographic Quality Control Survey......Page 410
WORKSHEET ANSWER KEY......Page 414
PART III: FRACTIONAL TIMES......Page 416
WORKSHEET 3-1......Page 417
WORKSHEET 6-1......Page 418
WORKSHEET 9-1......Page 419
WORKSHEET 12-3......Page 420
WORKSHEET 17-2......Page 421
WORKSHEET 21-1......Page 422
WORKSHEET 28-1......Page 423
WORKSHEET 36-2......Page 424
WORKSHEET 40-2......Page 425
MATH TUTOR ANSWER KEY......Page 426
PART ONE - BASIC mAs AND TIME CONVERSIONS......Page 428
PART TWO - MATHEMATICS OF RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES......Page 431
BACK COVER......Page 432