This book aims to explain radiation from a somewhat different aspect than its traditional image as something that is scary, dangerous, hazardous, and so on, to produce the correct understanding that radiation is carrying energy, and to convince readers that radiation is not "scary" but controllable and useful. As for radiation itself, many introductions or textbooks have been published, as in radiochemistry, radiobiology, and radiology. In most of them, the biological effects of radiation exposure are the main subjects, which often enhance the feeling that radiation is dangerous, and the effects produced by lower-dose exposure that are difficult to see are hardly discussed.
The present volume mainly focuses on how radiation carries energy, how energy is absorbed in substances as absorbed doses (Gy) or dose equivalents (Sv), how damages or risks appear with the absorbed dose and why the effects of the exposure appear quite differently, depending on properties of the substances that were exposed.
Author(s): Tetsuo Tanabe
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 172
City: Singapore
Preface to English Edition
Preface
Contents
1 Radiation Carries Energy
1.1 Is “Radiation” Scary?
1.2 What is Written in This Book?
1.2.1 Radiation is Carrying Energy
1.2.2 All Physical and Chemical Phenomena Accompany Energy Transfer
1.2.3 “EQ (Radiation) Exposure” Means Energy Absorption (Deposition) or Energy Transfer from EQ to a Substance
1.2.4 Absorbed or Deposited Energy in Unit Mass or Volume is Quite Different Depending on the Kind of EQ
1.2.5 Units Related to Radiation, Exposure, and Radiation Measurements
1.2.6 Intensity and Energy of EQ
1.3 Energy Release from Materials (Black Body Radiation and EQ Emission)
1.4 EQ Sources in Nature
1.5 Energy Transfer in Physical and Chemical Phenomena
1.6 Radioactive Materials and Artificial EQ (Radiation) Sources
1.7 Summary
2 Radiation (Energetic Quanta: EQ)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Radiation is Consisting of Energetic Quanta (EQ)
2.3 Sources of EQ and Their Intensity (Radioactivity)
2.3.1 Sources
2.3.2 Radio Isotope (RI)
2.3.3 Geometry of EQ Sources (Point, Volumetric, Planar and Spatial Sources)
2.4 Energy Absorption (Deposition) Given by EQ Exposure
2.5 Energy Absorption in Living Beings Exposed to EQ
2.5.1 External Exposure
2.5.2 Internal Exposure
2.5.3 Absorbed Dose, Dose Rate, Dose Equivalent, and Effective Dose
2.5.4 Conversion of Units Related to EQ Exposure; Intensity (Bq), Absorbed Dose (Gy), Absorbed Dose Equivalent (Sv), and Effective Dose (Sv)
2.6 Shielding and Decontamination
2.7 Effects of EQ Exposure on a Human Body
References
3 Sources of Energetic Quanta (EQ) (Radiation Sources)
3.1 Radioisotope (RI)
3.1.1 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes
3.1.2 Emission of EQ from RI (Disintegration of Nucleus)
3.1.3 RI in Nature
3.1.4 EQ Exposure of Human Body in Nature
3.1.5 EQ Emitted from 131-Iodine and 137-Cesium and Their Exposure Effects
3.2 Radiation from the Sun
3.3 Nuclear Reactor
3.4 Release of FPs from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant After the Accident
3.5 Artificial EQ Source
3.5.1 Accelerator
3.5.2 X-ray Generator
3.5.3 Laser
References
4 Irradiation Effects of EQ on Materials (Inorganic- and Organic Materials, and Living Beings)
4.1 Evaluation of the Effects of EQ Exposure
4.1.1 There is no Critical Level in Absorbed Dose to Distinguish Secure and Insecure
4.1.2 Definite and Stochastic (Probabilistic) Effects of EQ Exposure
4.1.3 Evaluation of the Effects of Low-Dose Exposure and Reduction of Exposure
4.2 Effects of EQ Exposure in Inorganic- and Organic Materials, and Living Beings
4.2.1 Effects of EQ Exposure in Inorganic Materials
4.2.2 Effects of EQ Exposure in Organic Materials
4.2.3 Effects of EQ Exposure in Living Beings—From Molecules in Cells, Tissues to Individuals
4.3 Resilience to EQ Exposure and Recovery
4.4 Volume Influenced by EQ Exposure and Absorbed Dose (Deposited Energy)
References
5 Reduction of Exposure, Contamination, and Decontamination
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Distribution of EQ Sources and Their Removal
5.3 External and Internal Exposures
5.4 Reduction of EQ Exposure to a Human Body
5.5 Resilience
5.5.1 Where and How Large Areas Are Damaged or Influence by EQ Exposure?
5.5.2 Recovery of Damages and Resilience
5.6 Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure
References
6 Detection and Measurement of EQ (Radiation)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Determination of Type, Intensity, and Energy of EQ
6.2.1 Measurements of EQ Intensity
6.2.2 Accuracy in Intensity Measurements
6.2.3 Measurements of EQ Energy
6.2.4 Calorimetry
6.2.5 Intensity (Radioactivity) of EQ Source
6.3 Absorbed Dose Measurements
6.4 Visualization of EQ Source Distribution
6.5 Absorbed Dose Equivalent—Accuracy, and Assessment of Effects of EQ Exposure
6.5.1 Consideration of Absorbed Dose Equivalent (Sv) and Effective Dose to Use for the Assessment of the Effects of EQ Exposure
6.5.2 Accuracy and Number of Significant Figures in EQ Measurements
References
7 Utilization of EQ
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sterilization or Disinfection
7.3 Medical Purposes
7.4 Utilization of EQ Energy
7.5 Radiometric Dating (14C dating)
7.6 Use of Radioisotope as Tracers
References
8 Energy and History of the Earth
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Changes in Global Environment
8.3 Development and Evolution of Living Beings
9 Final Chapter—Energy Resources and Radiation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Energy Sources
9.3 There’s no Energy Source to Use for Free
9.4 Fossil Fuels Are Originally Solar Energy
9.5 Risks Associated with Energy Use
Appendix Q and A Relating Radiation (EQ: Energetic Quanta)
Bibliography
