This book highlights the capabilities and limitations of radar and air navigation. It discusses issues related to the physical principles of an electromagnetic field, the structure of radar information, and ways to transmit it. Attention is paid to the classification of radio waves used for transmitting radar information, as well as to the physical description of their propagation media. The third part of the book addresses issues related to the current state of navigation systems used in civil aviation and the prospects for their development in the future, as well as the history of satellite radio navigation systems. The book may be useful for schoolchildren, interested in the problems of radar and air navigation.
Author(s): Anatoly Ivanovich Kozlov, Yuri Grigoryevich Shatrakov, Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny
Series: Springer Aerospace Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 131
City: Singapore
Introduction
Contents
Abbreviations
1 Radar
1.1 The Electromagnetic Field Around Us
1.2 How to Describe the Electromagnetic Field
1.3 What Are Electromagnetic Waves
1.4 What Tasks Does Radar
1.5 What Signals Are Used in Radar
1.6 That Carries the Radar Information
1.7 What Is a Permission Element?
1.8 How to Improve the Detection of Radar Targets
1.9 What Signals Affect the Input of the Radar
1.10 How to Select Useful Signal Against the Background Noise
1.11 How to Make a Decision About the Presence of a Radar Target
1.12 What Errors Occur, When Making a Decision
1.13 When and by What Criteria to Make a Decision
1.14 Equation Range
1.15 What Determines the Accuracy of Measurement and How to Improve It
1.16 What Non-classical Types of Radar Exist
1.17 Where Today Can Not Do Without Radar
1.18 Conclusion
References
2 Propagation of Radio Waves
2.1 Propagation of Radio Waves in Free Space
2.1.1 Environment Without Loss
2.1.2 The Medium with Losses
2.1.3 Line-of-Sight Range
2.2 Areas of Radio Wave’s Propagation
2.2.1 Soil
2.2.2 Troposphere
2.2.3 Stratosphere
2.2.4 Ionosphere
2.3 Features of Propagation of Radio Waves in the Troposphere
2.4 Features of Propagation of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere
2.5 The Area of Space, That Is Essential for the Propagation of Radio Waves
2.6 Classification of Radio Waves
2.7 Features of Radio Wave Propagation in Different Bands
2.7.1 Ultra-Long Waves (ULW) and Long Waves (LW)
2.7.2 Medium Waves (MW)
2.7.3 Short Waves
2.7.4 Ultra-Short Waves
2.7.5 Decimeter, Centimeter, and Millimeter Waves
2.7.6 Waves of Optical Range
2.8 Conclusion
References
3 Aero Radionavigation
3.1 Basics of Aero Radionavigation
3.1.1 General Approaches to Solving Problems of Aircraft Navigation Support
3.1.2 Basic Concepts, Used in Aero Radionavigation
3.2 Traditional Navigation Equipment, Used for Aircraft Navigation
3.2.1 Automatic Radio Compass
3.2.2 Flight and Navigation System
3.2.3 Radio Engineering Systems for Long-Range and Short-Range Navigation
3.2.4 Radiobeacons
3.3 Satellite Radio Navigation Systems
3.3.1 Reasons for Switching to Satellite Radio Navigation Systems
3.3.2 History of the SRNS Development
3.3.3 Requirements for SRNS
3.4 Principles of SRNS’s Functioning
3.5 Ground Control Complex
3.6 Joint Use of GLONASS and GPS Systems
References
Appendix A Lecture “About the Laws of the Electromagnetic World”
A.1 A Bit of History
A.2 Results of the Pre-Maxwell Period
A.3 Quite a Bit of Mathematics
A.4 Maxwell’s Equations
A.5 Some More Mathematics
A.7 Maxwell's Equations Again
A.8 An Alternating Current is the Source of the Electromagnetic Field
A.9 What Should Be Understood by the Term “Electromagnetic Field”?
A.10 Sources of the Electromagnetic Field
A.11 The Magnitude of the Currents, Generated by the Electromagnetic Field
A.12 What Should Be Understood by the Term “Information”?
A.13 As the Great Mathematician Fourier Became the Progenitor of Modern Analog Radio Engineering.
A.14 How Does Information Transfer?
A.15 Man and the Electromagnetic World
Appendix B Lecture “Navigation, Communication and Observation—Eyes, Speech and Hearing of the Aircraft in the Past, Present and Future”
B.1 To the Question of Ensuring the Flight of the Aircraft
B.2 Group of Radio Navigation Tasks
B.3 Group of Radio Communication Tasks
B.4 Group of Radar Tasks
B.5 Transition to Satellite Technologies
B.6 History of the Development of the GLONASS Satellite Radio Navigation System (Global Navigation Satellite System)
B.7 Cooperative Independent Monitoring
B.8 Basic Concepts of Automatic Dependent Surveillance and Requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization
B.9 The Concept of Free Flight
B.10 Zonal Navigation
