Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize detailed internal structure of the body. This book discusses the recent developments in the field of MRI and its application to the diagnosis of human brain disorders. In addition, it reviews the newly emerging concepts and technology, based on the multi-coherence imaging (MQCI). It explains how computer packages can be used to generate images in diseased states and compare them to in vivo results. This will help improve the diagnosis of brain disorders based on the real-time events happening on atomic and molecular quantum levels. This is important since quantum-based MRI would enable clinicians to detect brain tumors at the very early stages. Uses practical examples to explain the techniques - making it easier to understand the conceptsUses diagrams to explain the physics behind the technique - avoiding the use of complicated mathematical formulae
Author(s): Madan M Kaila, Rakhi Kaila
Edition: 1
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2010
Language: English
Commentary: without contents
Pages: 510
Cover Page
......Page 1
Quantum Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnostics of Human Brain Disorders......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Specific Appreciation......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Special Note to the Reader......Page 8
Similarities and Differences Between Classical and Quantum Mechanical Information Processing......Page 9
LSNMR and QMIP......Page 11
Solid-State Technology and QMIP......Page 12
QMIP Coded on Light......Page 13
General Concept: Controlled-NOT Gate and 2-Bit Operation......Page 14
Nondeterministic Polynomial Time Complete and Satisfiability......Page 16
The Density Matrix Concept......Page 18
DNA QC: QGs......Page 21
QMIP Differences from Analogue-to-Digital Conversion......Page 22
The EPR Entangled States......Page 23
Specific Locality Condition......Page 24
General Locality Condition......Page 26
Evaluation of an Experimental Scheme......Page 29
VBIs Deduced from the Output States of a Nondegenerate Parametric Amplifier......Page 30
Ion-Trap Computer......Page 32
N-State Rydberg Atom Data Register Information Processing......Page 33
Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm Ion-Trap Quantum Computer......Page 36
Cirac Zoller CNOT QG......Page 38
LSNMR Quantum Information Processing......Page 40
Linear Optical Quantum Computation......Page 41
Tomography and Spectroscopy......Page 45
QDs: Terahertz Electrodynamics......Page 46
Shor's Factoring Algorithm......Page 47
Deutsch's Algorithm LSNMR QC......Page 50
Optical Magnetic Electron Spin Quantum State......Page 54
Optical Continuous-Variable EPR Entanglement......Page 55
Terahertz Laser Solid-State Quantum Bits......Page 56
Nondeterministic Polynomial Time Complete SAT Problem......Page 58
A Biomolecular DNA QC: Aldeman-Lipton Model......Page 59
Homonuclear Example: The Basic CNOT Gate Operation......Page 61
The DNA QC (Appendix A1.4)......Page 65
Dipole Electric Field: Brain MTs (Appendices A1.9 and A1.10)......Page 67
Single Electron Charge Spin QC/Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (Appendices A1.5 and A1.6)......Page 68
QDs: Terahertz Electrodynamic Cavity QC......Page 69
Optical Quantum Computer......Page 70
Entangled Single-Mode Quantum Optical Sidebands......Page 71
Quadrature-Phase Squeezing and EPR Correlation of Bright Light Field......Page 72
Optical Quantum Zero Scheme (Appendices A1.11 and A1.12)......Page 73
Quantum Mechanical Interaction-Free Imaging Devices (Appendix A1.13)......Page 74
Ion-Trap Computer......Page 75
The Outlook: The Physical Quantum Computer (Appendices A1.1-A1.6, A1.11-A1.13)......Page 76
The Quantum Model of the Human Brain: Simple Theory......Page 78
Experimental Modeling......Page 80
Practical Applications: iMQC Imaging in the Human Brain (Appendices A1.14-A1.16)......Page 83
The Future of Research and Development in QMIP......Page 86
References......Page 507
Appendix A1.2......Page 95
Appendix A1.5......Page 96
Appendix A1.8......Page 97
Appendix A1.11......Page 98
Appendix A1.12......Page 99
Appendix A1.14......Page 100
Appendix A1.17......Page 101
Appendix A1.19......Page 102
Appendix A1.21......Page 103
Appendix A1.23......Page 104
Appendix A1.25......Page 105
Appendix A1.28......Page 106
Appendix A1.29......Page 110
Appendix A1.31......Page 111
Appendix A1.33......Page 112
Appendix A1.35......Page 113
Curiosity and Education......Page 114
Introduction......Page 120
Atomic Moments......Page 121
Diffusion-Weighted Images: Intracranial Cyst-Like Lesions......Page 257
Magnetism of Atoms, Molecules, and Electrons......Page 127
NMR Simple Theory and Concepts......Page 130
NMR Adiabatic Pulses: Vector Representation (Appendices A2.1 and A2.2)......Page 133
Neurophysical Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 134
Double-Quantum Coherence Filter......Page 135
Matrix Mechanics Approach to QM: The MM-QM......Page 267
PMRS/Point-Resolved Spectroscopy: DQF MRS......Page 139
Basic Rules of MM......Page 141
Localized 1H (Proton) MRS J-Coupling: Human Brain (Occipital Lobe) GABA In Vivo......Page 143
Two-Dimensional J-Resolved Spectroscopic Imaging: GABA in the Human Brain (In Vivo)......Page 144
Phosphorous MRS, 3D CSI, and Phospholipid Resonance Imaging: Human Brain......Page 150
PMRS: Human Cerebrum......Page 153
Phase Localization In Vivo Using Surface-Coil Surface Spoiling: Inhomogeneous Magnetic-Field Gradient......Page 154
Pulsed Field Gradients: Separation of the Different Orders of Multiple-Quantum Transitions......Page 157
NMR Spin-Echo Planar (Multiplanar) Image Formation......Page 159
Two-Dimensional Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Imaging......Page 161
CSI of GABA in the Human Brain: MQ Filtering......Page 163
CSI: Echo Planar Shift Mapping......Page 165
Phase-Encoded Echo Planar Mapping......Page 168
Spatial (Volume) Selectivity: Time-Varying Gradients......Page 171
CSI: Multiple Frames......Page 172
MQTs: 2D (Homonuclear) Spectroscopy......Page 176
PCM: The Basics of MRI......Page 177
Heteronuclear 2DFT: MRS......Page 179
Nuclear Dipole-Dipole Coupling Through Chemical Shift: Intranuclear and Internuclear Orbital Electrons (Appendices A2.7 and A2.8)......Page 180
DQ Transitions (Appendices A2.10-A2.12)......Page 181
Multiple- (Double-)Quantum MRI (Appendices A2.14-A2.16)......Page 183
Multiple CTPs......Page 186
MQTs: NMR (Appendix A2.25)......Page 187
Spin Temperature Theory: Quadrupole-Dipole Interactions......Page 188
Summary and Conclusion......Page 189
NMR in Weak Magnetic (Micro-Tesla) Fields......Page 192
Quantum Mechanical Operators: Density Matrix......Page 314
Scalar (J) Couplings in Micro-Tesla Magnetic Fields (Appendices A2.40 and A2.41)......Page 193
Mind-Brain Problem......Page 194
Brain Quantum Correlations: Double- and Zero-Quantum Transitions (Appendix A2.44)......Page 196
The k-Trajectory Image Formulation (Appendices A2.45-A2.49)......Page 199
Various k-Trajectories in Imaging (Appendices A2.55-A2.56)......Page 200
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: Overhauser-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Appendix A2.59)......Page 204
Quantum Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Appendix A2.62)......Page 205
Medical Diagnostics: MRSI (Appendices A2.65 and A2.66)......Page 206
Summary and General Outlook......Page 207
References......Page 209
PMRS Pattern-Guided Diagnostics: Human Brain Disorders......Page 212
Appendix A2.4......Page 213
Appendix A2.5......Page 214
Appendix A2.6......Page 215
Appendix A2.8......Page 216
Appendix A2.9......Page 217
Appendix A2.11......Page 218
Appendix A2.13......Page 219
Appendix A2.15......Page 220
Appendix A2.17......Page 221
Appendix A2.19......Page 222
Appendix A2.21......Page 223
Appendix A2.23......Page 224
Appendix A2.25......Page 225
Appendix A2.27......Page 226
Appendix A2.29......Page 227
Appendix A2.31......Page 228
Appendix A2.33......Page 229
Appendix A2.35......Page 230
Appendix A2.36......Page 231
Appendix A2.37......Page 232
Appendix A2.39......Page 233
Appendix A2.40......Page 234
Appendix A2.41......Page 235
Appendix A2.43......Page 236
Appendix A2.44......Page 237
Appendix A2.46......Page 238
Appendix A2.48......Page 239
Appendix A2.50......Page 240
Appendix A2.52......Page 241
Appendix A2.55......Page 242
Appendix A2.56......Page 243
Appendix A2.57......Page 244
Appendix A2.58......Page 245
Appendix A2.60......Page 246
Appendix A2.61......Page 247
Appendix A2.62......Page 248
Appendix A2.64......Page 249
Appendix A2.65......Page 250
Appendix A2.66......Page 251
Appendix A2.67......Page 252
Appendix A2.69......Page 253
What Is Multiple-Quantum Coherence?......Page 254
Vessel Tortuosity: Brain Tumor Malignancy......Page 256
PMRS: Diagnosis of Intracranial Mass Lesions......Page 259
Brain Metabolite Changes: Children with Poorly Controlled Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus/PMRS......Page 260
Quantum Radiation (Light Waves)......Page 263
The Schrödinger Wave Equation......Page 264
Probability of Measurement of a Wave Packet......Page 265
Position Momentum and Energy Operators in QM: The Human Brain Model......Page 266
Spins and Matrices......Page 269
The z Spins Iz (Figure 3.6(a))......Page 270
The Spins Ix and Iy (Figures 3.6(b-e))......Page 272
The Transformation Matrix: The Similarity Transformation......Page 273
The J-Operator......Page 275
Single Particle: J=L+S......Page 276
Two-Particle Spin System: Adding Spins Alone......Page 278
QM Applied to MRI......Page 279
Density Matrix and NMR: 1-Spin (1/2, -1/2) System......Page 280
A Single-Pulse Experiment......Page 281
Operator Formalism......Page 282
Weak Coupling: 2 Spins......Page 284
Rotation Operators (RF Pulses)......Page 288
Density Matrix Product Operators: 2-Spin (I-S) System......Page 290
Selective Application of a 90° Pulse: Spin Equilibrium Magnetization......Page 294
Product-Operator Formalism: Trace of a Matrix......Page 297
Product-Operator Vector Model: MQCs......Page 299
Phase Cycling: Selection of Coherence Transfer Pathways......Page 302
Spherical Basis of the Product Operators......Page 304
Two-Spin AX Weak Coupling: Point-Resolved Spin Spectroscopy......Page 308
Two-Spin AX Weak Coupling: STEAM......Page 311
STEAM Experiment......Page 313
Quantum Operators and Computations......Page 316
Computer Modeling: Spin Operators, Matrices, and Other Data......Page 317
Computer Simulation GAMMA......Page 322
Quantized Angular Momentum and Energy......Page 324
Magnetic Dipole (Orbital): Magnetic Moment......Page 328
Effect of Magnetic Field Gradient......Page 329
Spin-Orbit Interaction......Page 332
The Total Angular Momentum (J=L+S)......Page 333
The Interactions: Nuclear-Orbital Electron Spins (Internal Field)......Page 335
The Nuclear Dipole Magnetic Moment: Externally Applied Magnetic Field......Page 337
NMR: The SS......Page 339
Human Brain Biochemistry and Brain Tumors......Page 340
Identification of Cerebral Metabolites......Page 341
MRI Diagnostics: High-Grade Astrocytomas......Page 347
Imaging Diagnostics: PMRS......Page 352
Diagnostics of Metastatic Brain Tumors: Lipids and Lactates (PMRS)......Page 356
Brain Tumor Diagnostics: Spin-Echo Point-Resolved Spectroscopy......Page 360
Diagnostic of Human Brain Gliomas: PMRS and Positron Emission Tomography......Page 372
Diagnostics of Changes in Acute and Subacute Cerebral Infarctions (PMRS)......Page 381
Diagnostics of Differentiation of Brain Abscess from Cystic or Necrotic Brain Tumor......Page 385
Structural Imaging: Prepolarized Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 393
Spectroscopic Imaging: STEAM......Page 398
Spectroscopic Imaging Versus Spatial Imaging/Sensitivity-Encoded Spectroscopic Imaging......Page 406
Spatial-Phase-Encoding (Magnetic Field Gradients): Reconstruction of Spectral Resolution/FT......Page 410
Spectroscopic Imaging: A Prior GAMMA Computer Simulation......Page 414
Density Matrix: AX3 Spin System......Page 417
Human Brain Metabolite Quantification: PRESS Spins Weak-Strong Coupling......Page 420
3D Imaging of Human Brain In Vivo: 1D Hadamard Spectroscopic Imaging and 2D CSI and Assigning Spectroscopy of Metabolites......Page 425
Human Brain Metabolic Imaging (Maps): Combined Volume and Spectroscopic (Proton) Imaging......Page 430
Multiple- (Double-)Quantum Filtering (A2M2X2 Spin System): GABA......Page 432
Chemical-Shift Imaging and Single-Voxel Imaging......Page 435
Parallel Imaging: Coil Sensitivity......Page 440
PI: Functional Imaging......Page 443
Accelerated Parallel MRI: Selective RF Excitation......Page 446
Parallel MRI: Encoding and Reconstruction......Page 449
Combination of PI and High Fields (7T)......Page 451
In Vivo MRI Detection of Axon Firing: Human Optic Nerve......Page 455
Ultrahigh Magnetic Field (≥7T) MRI: Finite Difference Time Domain Model......Page 456
Proton Diffusion MRI: Microscopic Magnetic Field Inhomogeneities/Microvascular Structure......Page 459
Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases: MRI and MRS......Page 461
Fiber Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Diagnostics of the Human Brain......Page 465
Brain Glutamate and Glutamine: Peak Separation Spectroscopic Filtering......Page 468
SENSE MRI of Gliomas: Unaliasing Lipid Contamination......Page 471
Diagnostics of Brain Atrophy in MS: MRI......Page 475
MRS Diagnostics of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Neocortical Epilepsy......Page 480
Diagnostics of Human Brain Disorders: T2 (Transverse Exponential) Decay: Tissue Water Proton Signals......Page 481
Regional Metabolic Distribution: CSI CADSIL Family......Page 483
Metabolics of the Brain: In Vivo 13C NMR Spectroscopy......Page 486
Knowledge of Absolute Concentrations: Water Standard Reference......Page 489
In Vivo Human Brain Metabolite Concentrations: LC Model Spectra......Page 491
Quantitative Metabolite Maps: Human Brain GM/WM Ratio (LC Model)......Page 492
Effective TRT: NAA and Creatine......Page 495
Multiple-Quantum Filtering: AMNPQ (5-Spin) Metabolite System in Brain/Numerical Solution of Density Matrix Approach......Page 497
Quantification of Human Brain Metabolites Using PMRSI......Page 501
Prior Spectral Information: Computer Simulation of Metabolites......Page 505
