Quantum Image Processing

Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
1 Introduction and Overview......Page 10
1.1.1 Quantum Computers......Page 11
1.1.2.1 Quantum Bits......Page 13
1.1.2.2 Quantum Registers......Page 15
1.1.3.2 Quantum Gates......Page 16
1.2.1 Quantum Interdisciplinary Research......Page 18
1.2.1.3 Quantum Cognition......Page 19
1.2.2.1 Classifications of Quantum-Related Image Areas......Page 20
1.2.2.2 Storing an Image in a Quantum System......Page 22
References......Page 24
2.1.1 Image Color Model......Page 27
2.1.2 Image Coordinate Model......Page 29
2.1.3 Image Color Information Encoding Model......Page 30
2.2.1 FRQI Representation and Initialization......Page 31
2.2.2.1 Flip and Coordinate Swap Operations......Page 34
2.2.2.2 Orthogonal Rotation Operations......Page 36
2.2.2.3 Restricted Geometric Transformations......Page 37
2.2.3.1 Color Transformation Based on NOT Gate......Page 39
2.2.3.3 Color Transformation Based on Hadamard Gate......Page 40
2.2.3.4 General Form of Color Transformations......Page 41
2.3.1 RGBα Color Space......Page 42
2.3.2 MCQI Representation and Initialization......Page 43
2.3.3.1 Channel of Interest Operation......Page 45
2.3.3.2 Channel-Swapping Operation......Page 47
2.3.3.3 α Blending Operation......Page 48
2.4.1 NEQR Representation and Initialization......Page 50
2.4.2.1 Complement Color Transformation......Page 51
2.4.2.2 And/or Color Transformation......Page 52
References......Page 55
3.1 Parallel Comparison of Multiple Pairs of Quantum Images......Page 57
3.1.1 Representation of Strip Using Multiple Quantum Images......Page 58
3.1.2 Scheme to Compare Quantum Images in Parallel......Page 59
3.1.3 Evaluation of Similarity Between Two Quantum Images......Page 61
3.1.4 Parallel Comparison of Multiple Quantum Images in a Strip......Page 63
3.2.1 Generalized Quantum Image Representation......Page 67
3.2.2 Scheme of Quantum Image Up-Scaling Operation......Page 68
3.2.3 Circuit Implementation of Up-Scaling Operation......Page 69
3.2.4 Example of Quantum Image Up-Scaling......Page 71
3.3.1 Three Shear Transformations......Page 73
3.3.2.1 Quantum Adder......Page 74
3.3.2.3 Quantum Controlled-Multiplier......Page 76
3.3.3 Scheme of Quantum Image Rotation Operation......Page 78
3.3.3.1 Quantum Image Rotation Based on Three-Phase Shear Mappings......Page 79
3.3.3.2 Shear Mapping Operations......Page 80
3.3.4 Example of Quantum Image Rotation......Page 82
References......Page 85
4.1 QIMP-Based Security Technologies......Page 87
4.1.1 Algorithms for Quantum Watermarking......Page 88
4.1.2 Algorithms for Quantum Image Encryption......Page 90
4.1.3 Algorithms for Quantum Image Steganography......Page 92
4.2.1.1 Two Watermark Information......Page 93
4.2.1.2 Color Information Key Generation......Page 94
4.2.1.3 Position Information Key Generation......Page 97
4.2.2 Watermark Image Embedding and Extraction......Page 98
4.2.3 Metric for Estimating Congruity Between Quantum Images......Page 100
4.3.1 Quantum Cellular Automata......Page 101
4.3.2 Scheme of Quantum Image Encryption Operation......Page 102
4.4 LSB-Based Quantum Image Steganography Algorithm......Page 104
4.4.1 Plain LSB Steganography Operation......Page 105
4.4.2.1 Quantum Counter and Comparator......Page 106
4.4.2.2 Block Embedding Procedure......Page 107
4.4.3 Example of Quantum Image Steganography......Page 108
References......Page 110
5.1 Local Feature Point Extraction for Quantum Images......Page 113
5.1.1 Quantum Image Color Transformations......Page 114
5.1.2 Quantum Image Addition and Subtraction Operations......Page 115
5.1.3 Scheme of Quantum Image Feature Extraction......Page 116
5.2 Quantum Image Median Filtering in Spatial Domain......Page 118
5.2.1 Quantum Modules for Median Filter......Page 119
5.2.2.1 Background on Median Filtering Technique......Page 120
5.2.2.2 Quantum Median Filtering Circuits......Page 122
5.2.3 Example of Quantum Image Filtering......Page 124
5.3.1 CQIR Representation and Initialization......Page 125
5.3.2 Circuit Implementation of Segmentation Operation......Page 126
5.3.3 Example of Quantum Image Segmentation......Page 128
References......Page 130
6.1.1 Grayscale Quantum Movie Scheme......Page 132
6.1.2.1 CFQM Framework Based on MCQI Images......Page 134
6.1.2.2 Initialization of the CFQM Framework......Page 135
6.1.3.1 FTF Operation to Achieve Psychological Montages......Page 139
6.1.3.2 COC Operation to Achieve Comparative Montages......Page 140
6.1.3.3 SBS Operation to Achieve Parallel or Cross Montages......Page 142
6.2.1 Quantum Representation for Digital Audio......Page 145
6.2.2 Flexible Representation of Quantum Audio Signals......Page 147
6.2.2.1 Initialization of the FRQA Signals......Page 149
6.2.2.2 Retrieval of FRQA Signals......Page 152
6.2.3.1 Signal Addition......Page 153
6.2.3.2 Signal Inversion......Page 155
6.2.3.4 Signal Reversal......Page 159
References......Page 163
7.1 Concluding Remarks......Page 165
7.2 Open Questions and Future Directions......Page 166
References......Page 169
A Appendix......Page 171
References......Page 177