Quantum Dots and Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Chemistry, and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Editor Biographies
Contributors
1. Introduction to Quantum Dots and Their Polymer Composites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis Overview of Quantum Dots
1.3 Optical Properties of QDs
1.4 Upconversion Optical Characteristics
1.5 Polymer-Based Bioactivation of QDs
1.6 Applications of QD-Polymer Composites
1.6.1 Biomedical Area
1.7 Environmental Pollution Remediation Area
1.8 Summary
References
2. What Are Quantum Dots?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Properties of Quantum Dots
2.3 Characteristics of Quantum Dots
2.4 Types of Quantum Dots
2.4.1 Core-Type QDs
2.4.2 Core-Shell QDs
2.4.3 Alloyed QDs
2.4.4 Doped Quantum Dots
2.5 Methodology for Developing Quantum Dots
2.5.1 Stranski-Krastanow Growth
2.5.2 Nanoscale Patterning
2.5.3 Colloidal Nanosynthesis
2.6 Optoelectronic Properties of Quantum Dots
2.7 Application of Quantum Dots
2.7.1 Optoelectronic Devices
2.7.2 Quantum Computing
2.7.3 Biological and Chemical Applications
2.7.4 QDs in Memory Applications
2.8 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
3. Synthesis of Quantum Dots
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physical Strategy
3.3 Chemical Strategy
3.3.1 Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis via Micellar Synthesis
3.3.2 High-Temperature Injection Organometallic Synthesis of QDs
3.3.3 Organometallic Synthesis of QDs by Noninjection Method
3.3.4 Synthesis of Hydrophilic QDs
3.4 Preparation of QDs Using Biosynthetic Approach
3.5 Scaling-Up Aspect of the QD Synthesis
3.5.1 Microreactor or Microfluidic Synthesis of QDs
3.5.2 Synthesis of QDs by Rotating Packed Bed Reactor
3.5.3 Synthesis of QDs Using Spray-Based Technique
3.6 Conclusion and Prospect
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
4. Optical Properties of Quantum Dots
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Approaches for Tuning the Optical Characteristics
4.2.1 Regulating the Intrinsic Characteristics of QDs
4.2.2 Modulation of the Surface
4.2.3 Doping Methods
4.3 Optical Properties
4.4 Photostability of Quantum Dots
4.5 Current Theories for PL Mechanisms
4.5.1 Recent Developments in Understanding Photoluminescence
4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5. Surface Properties of Quantum Dots
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Surface Ligands
5.2.1 Organic Ligands
5.2.2 Inorganic Ligands
5.3 Surface Modification of QDs
5.4 Surface Modification Strategies to Improve Solubilization and Stability of the QDs
5.4.1 Solubilization by Ligand Exchange
5.4.2 Solubilization by Hydrophobic Interaction
5.4.3 Silica Encapsulation
5.5 Characterization of QD Surfaces
5.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6. Impact of Doping on Efficiency of Quantum Dots
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods of Preparation
6.2.1 Top-Down Approach
6.2.2 Bottom-Up Approach
6.3 Significant Applications of Quantum Dots
6.3.1 Plant Bioimaging
6.3.2 Animal Bioimaging
6.3.3 Prokaryote Bioimaging
6.3.4 Tracking of Particles
6.3.5 In situ Imaging
6.3.6 Drug Delivery
6.3.7 Detection of Various Cancers
6.3.8 Imaging and Sensing of Infectious Diseases
6.4 Doping
6.5 Significance of Doping into Quantum Dots
6.5.1 Electrochemical Doping of Quantum Dots
6.5.2 n-type Doping by Lithium Ion Intercalation
6.5.3 Elemental Doping of Graphene QDs
6.5.4 Doping on InAs/GaAs QD Solar Cells
6.5.5 Effects of Dopants (N and P) on the Size and Quantum Yield
6.5.6 Effect of Doping on the Structural and Optical Properties
6.5.7 Effect of Doping on the Electrons and Holes
6.5.8 Silver-Doped PbSe Quantum Dots
6.5.9 Effect of Copper Doping on Electronic Structure
6.5.10 Effect of Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots
6.5.11 Effect of Mg and Cu Doping on ZnS Quantum Dots
6.5.12 Effect of Mn Doping on CdS Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells
6.5.13 Effect of Si Doping on InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Solar Cells
6.5.14 Effect of Silicon Delta-Doping
6.5.15 Diffusion Doping in Quantum Dots
6.5.16 Significance of p-Doping for Quantum Dot Laser
6.5.17 Impact of Modulation p-Doping in InAs Quantum Dot Lasers
6.5.18 Mn:Cu Co-Doped CdS Nanocrystals
6.6 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
References
7. Fabrication Methods of Quantum Dots-Polymer Composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Quantum Dots
7.3 QD Polymer Nanocomposites
7.4 Fabrication Techniques for QD Polymer Nanocomposites
7.4.1 Blending Methods
7.4.1.1 Melt Blending Method
7.4.1.2 Solution Blending Method
7.4.2 Chemical Grafting Method
7.4.3 In situ Polymerization Method
7.4.4 Layer-by-Layer Method
7.4.5 Microwave Methods
7.5 Challenges in QD-Polymer Nanocomposite Formation
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8. Reinforcement Mechanisms of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Benefits and Complexities of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
8.3 Dispersions and Agglomeration of Nanofillers in Polymer Matrices
8.4 Various Nanofillers for Polymer Matrices
8.4.1 Shape Dependency Reinforcement
8.4.2 Nanofiller Chemistry
8.4.3 Nanofiller Size and Shape
8.5 Carbon Dots: Features and Surface Properties
8.6 Quantum Dots
8.7 Polymer Dots and Their Hybrids
8.8 Reinforcement Behaviors of Fillers into Polymer Matrices
8.9 Summary and Outlook
References
9. Quantum Dots Modified Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Plastic Composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Polymer Nanocomposites
9.3 Typical Polymers in QDs/Polymer Composites
9.4 Quantum Dots
9.5 Synthesis Methods of Quantum Dots
9.5.1 Top-Down Approach
9.5.1.1 Chemical/Electrochemical Oxidation
9.5.1.2 Arc Discharge
9.5.1.3 Laser Ablation
9.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach (Self-Assembly)
9.5.2.1 Wet Chemical Methods
9.5.2.1.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
9.5.2.1.2 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
9.5.2.1.3 Ultrasonication
9.5.3 Vapor Phase Methods
9.6 Preparation of QDs/Polymer Composites
9.6.1 Physical Mixing
9.6.2 Chemical Grafting
9.6.3 In situ Polymerization Method
9.7 Dispersion of QDs in Polymer Matrix
9.8 Applications of QD/Polymer Composites
9.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10. Quantum Dots-Rubber Composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Background and Challenges
10.3 Surface Modification of QDs by Polymer Phases
10.4 QDs in Elastomer Matrices
10.5 Summary
References
11. Biomedical Applications of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Chemical Structure of CQDs
11.3 Preparation Methods of CQDs
11.3.1 Top-Down Route
11.3.2 Bottom-Up Route
11.4 Strategies to Change Biodistribution and Toxicity
11.4.1 Biodistribution
11.4.2 Toxicity
11.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Quantum Dots (CQDs)
11.5.1 CQDs in Diagnosis
11.5.2 CQDs with Dual Functions (Phototherapy and Radiotherapy)
11.5.3 Role of CQDs in the Drug Delivery Field
11.5.4 Gene Therapy
11.5.5 Biosensing and Immunosensors
11.5.6 Bone Tissue Enginnering
11.5.7 Use in the Environment
11.6 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future
References
12. Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites as Sensors
12.1 Carbon Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.1.1 Optical Properties of Carbon Dots/Polymer Composites
12.1.2 Sensing Application of Carbon Dots/Polymer Composites
12.1.3 Chemical Sensors
12.1.4 Biological Sensors
12.1.5 Physical Sensors
12.2 Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.2.1 Heavy Metal Ion Sensing Using Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.2.2 Sensing Disease Biomarkers Using Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.2.3 Sensing Drugs and Contaminants Using Graphene Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.3 Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.3.1 Sensing of Organic Dye Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.3.2 Sensing of Organophosphorous Pesticide Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.3.3 Detection of UV Radiation Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composites
12.3.4 Sensing of Chloride/Iodide Ion Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.3.5 Biomolecule Sensing Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composite-Based Sensors
12.3.6 Development of pH Sensor Using Perovskite Quantum Dot/Polymer Composites
12.4 Summary and Future Perspectives of Quantum Dot/Polymer Composites as Sensors
Acknowledgments
Declaration
References
13. Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites in Light-Emitting Diode Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Evolution of Quantum Dot-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
13.3 Role of Quantum Dots in LEDs
13.4 Perovskite Quantum Dots
13.5 PbS Quantum Dots
13.6 Challenges and Limitations in QD-Polymer Composites in LED Applications
13.6.1 Challenges
13.6.2 Compatibility of QDs with Polymers
13.6.3 Reliability and Lifetime of QD-LEDs
13.6.4 Combination of QDs with LEDs
13.6.5 Limitations
13.7 Recent Progress in QD-LEDs
13.7.1 Compatibility of QDs and Polymer Matrix
13.7.2 Modification of the QDs Surface Chemistry
13.7.3 Incorporation of QDs into Polymer Nanomaterials
13.7.4 Embedding QDs into Polymer Microspheres
13.7.5 Optimization of QD-LED Spectra
13.7.6 Color Matching Functions and Chromaticity Diagrams
13.7.7 Color Gamut
13.7.8 CRI and Color Quality Scale (CQS)
13.7.9 Luminous Efficacy of Optical Radiation (LER)
13.7.10 Increasing the Consistency and Lifetime of QD-LEDs
13.7.11 Applications of Quantum Dots
13.8 Display Devices
13.8.1 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Backlighting
13.8.2 Phosphors
13.8.3 Solar Cell-Based Light Source
13.8.4 Photodetectors
13.8.5 Biomedical Imaging
13.8.6 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
13.8.7 Future Perceptive
13.9 Conclusion
References
14. Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites in Catalytic Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Preparation Method of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
14.2.1 Preparation of QDs/Polymer Composites by Blending Techniques
14.2.2 In situ Preparation of Polymers in the Presence of QDs
14.2.3 One-Step Fabrication of QDs and Polymer Composites
14.3 Structures and Properties of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
14.4 Polymer Quantum Dot Composites
14.4.1 QDs and Thermoplastic Polymer Composites
14.4.2 QDs and Thermosetting Polymer Composites
14.5 Catalytic Activity of Quantum Dot-Polymer Composites
14.6 Future Scope and Challenges
14.7 Outlook
14.8 Abbreviations
References
15. Synthesis and Applications of Polymer-Quantum Dots Gels
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polymer Gels
15.3 Quantum Dots
15.4 Properties of Polymer-Quantum Dot Gel Hybrids
15.4.1 Size Distribution of PNIPAM-QDs Hybrids Using Transmission Electron Microscope
15.4.2 Temperature and pH-Dependent Swelling Behavior of Hybrid Microgels
15.4.3 pH-Dependent Photoluminescence Properties
15.4.4 Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence Studies
15.5 Synthesis of Polymer-Quantum Dots Gel Hybrids
15.5.1 In situ Synthesis of Polymer-QDs Gel Hybrids
15.5.2 Synthesis of Polymer-QDs Gels by Loading of Preformed QDs onto Polymer Gels
15.5.3 Ligand Exchange between QDs and Polymer Gels
15.6 Applications of Polymer-Quantum Dots Gel Hybrids
15.7 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
16. Biocompatibility of Polymer-Quantum Dot Composite
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification of Polymers
16.3 Different Tests of Biocompatibility of Polymer Composites
16.3.1 Cytotoxicity
16.3.1.1 In-Vitro
16.3.1.2 In-Vivo
16.4 Biodegradability Test of Polymer Materials
16.4.1 Soil Burial and Compost Conditions
16.4.2 Dip-Hanging Method
16.4.3 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Bioplastics
16.5 Quantum Dots
16.5.1 Methods of Coating the Quantum Dots
16.5.1.1 Encapsulation
16.5.1.2 Ligand Exchange
16.5.1.3 Bioconjugation
16.6 Biocompatible Polymer-Quantum Dot Composite Materials
16.6.1 Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Protein
16.6.2 Peptides
16.6.3 Gelatin
16.6.4 Cellulose
16.6.5 Chitosan
16.6.6 Alginate
16.6.7 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
16.6.8 PLA
16.6.9 Silk
16.6.10 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
16.7 Conclusion
References
17. Photoluminescence Property of Quantum Dots in Polymer Matrices
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Carbon Quantum Dots: A New Class of Carbonaceous Nanomaterial
17.3 Origin of Photoluminescence in CQDs
17.4 Fluorescence Properties of CQDs
17.5 Fluorescence Emissions of Surface Defect-Derived Origins
17.6 Surface Passivation and Quantum Yield
17.7 Polymers as Support for CQDs
17.8 Conclusion
References
18. Environmental Impact of Quantum Dots and Their Polymer Composites
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Physicochemical Properties of QDs
18.3 Mechanism and Chemistry Behind Quantum Dot-Based Pesticide Detection
18.4 Effect of Doping of QDs for Pesticide Recognition
18.5 Silica QD Composites for Pesticide Detection
18.6 Polymer/Supramolecular Surface Decorated QDs for Pesticide Detection
18.7 Surface Engineering of QDs by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)
18.8 QD-Embedded Thin-Film Membranes
18.9 Toxicity of QDs
18.10 Exposure Pathways
18.11 Cytotoxicity of QDs in Various Organs
18.12 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
19. Quantum Dots and Their Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Varieties of Nanomaterials and Importance of Quantum Dots as Electrode Material
19.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots, Polymers, and Nanocomposites
19.3.1 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Process
19.3.2 Microwave Synthesis
19.3.3 Electrochemical Process
19.3.4 Direct Chemical Cutting Process
19.3.5 Hummers Method
19.4 Quantum Dots and Polymer Composites in Supercapacitor Applications
19.5 Discussing Pros and Cons and Future Scope
19.6 Conclusion
References
20. Polymer Composites: Processing, Safety, and Disposal
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Common Biodegradable Polymers Used Biomedical Applications: Processing and Applications
20.2.1 Plant Polymers
20.2.1.1 Plant Polysaccharides and Their Bio-Nanocomposites
20.2.1.2 Plant Protein and Their Composites
20.2.1.3 Plant-Derived Lipids and Their Composites
20.2.2 Animal Polymers
20.2.2.1 Animal Polysaccharides and Their Nanocomposites
20.2.2.1.1 Chitosan
20.2.2.2 Animal Protein and Their Nanocomposites
20.2.2.2.1 Gelatin and Nanocomposites
20.2.2.2.2 Collagen and Nanocomposites
20.2.2.2.3 Albumin and Nanocomposites
20.2.2.2.4 Silk Fibroin and Nanocomposites
20.2.2.3 Animal Lipid and Their Nanocomposites
20.2.3 Microbial Polymers
20.3 Safety Issues of Polymer Nanocomposites
20.4 Disposal/Degradation
20.5 Future Perspective and Concluding Remarks
References
Index