The importance of quality of service (QoS) has risen with the recent evolution of telecommunication networks, which are characterised by a great heterogeneity. While many applications require a specific level of assurance from the network; communication networks are characterized by different service providers, transmission means and implementer solutions such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4), IPv6 and MPLS.Providing comprehensive coverage of QoS issues within heterogeneous network environments, “QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks” looks to find solutions to questions such as does QoS fit within heterogeneous networks and what is the impact on performance if information traverses different network portions that implement specific QoS schemes. Includes:A series of algorithms and protocols to help solve potential QoS problems.State of the art case studies and operative examples to illustrate points made.Information on QoS mapping in terms of service-level specification (SLS) and an in-depth discussion of related issuesChapters end-to-end (E2E) QoS, QoS architecture, QoS over heterogeneous networks and QoS internetworking and mapping.An ideal book for graduate students, researchers and lecturers. System designers, developers and engineers will also find “QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks” a valuable reference.
Author(s): Mario Marchese
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 328
QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
List of Abbreviations......Page 18
1.1 QoS Definition......Page 24
1.2 Applications......Page 28
1.3 QoS Metrics......Page 30
1.4 The Concept of Traffic Flow and Traffic Class......Page 31
2.1 Heterogeneous QoS-based Networks......Page 32
2.2 The Concept of Autonomous Systems......Page 36
3.1 Layered Architecture and Remote Systems Connection Protocol Stack......Page 38
3.2 ATM......Page 45
3.3 MPLS......Page 50
3.4 QoS-IPv4......Page 52
3.4.1 Integrated Services......Page 53
3.4.2 Differentiated Services......Page 54
3.4.3 Mixed IntServ-DiffServ Approach......Page 56
3.4.4 DSCP Assignation......Page 58
3.5 QoS-IPv6......Page 62
3.7 Full IPv6 Switched Network (F6SN)......Page 64
4.1.1 Over Provisioning......Page 68
4.1.3 Resource Reservation and CAC......Page 69
4.1.4 Traffic Control (Shaping)......Page 73
4.1.5 Scheduling......Page 74
4.1.6 Queue Management......Page 76
4.1.7 Flow Control......Page 77
4.1.8 QoS Routing......Page 80
4.2 The Risk of No Control......Page 81
4.2.1 Flow Identification......Page 82
4.2.2 CAC......Page 87
4.2.3 Shaping......Page 92
4.2.4 Resource Allocation......Page 94
5.1 Scenarios and Problems......Page 96
5.2.1 Information Transport Technologies......Page 98
5.2.2 Formal Relation Among the Layers......Page 100
5.3 Horizontal QoS Mapping......Page 102
6.1 End-to-End Quality of Service: State-of-the-Art......Page 110
6.2 Architectures for QoS Control......Page 115
6.4.1 Architectures and Data Encapsulation......Page 121
6.4.2 IntServ-IP-centric QoS Architecture......Page 130
6.4.3 DiffServ-IP-centric QoS Architecture......Page 131
6.5.1 MPLS-integrated QoS Approach......Page 137
6.5.2 Full-MPLS-centric QoS Approach......Page 140
6.6 IPv6-centric QoS Approach......Page 148
6.7 QoS Overall Architecture......Page 150
6.8.1 Comparison of the Features......Page 158
6.8.2 SLS Separation versus Aggregation......Page 163
7.1 Introduction......Page 166
7.2 RSVP QoS Signalling......Page 169
7.2.1 RSVP Architecture......Page 170
7.2.2 RSVP Objects......Page 171
7.2.3 RSVP Entities and Resource Reservation Applied to QoS Architecture......Page 182
7.2.4 RSVP Functional Specification (RSVP Packet Format)......Page 187
7.2.5 Summary of RSVP Protocol Mechanism......Page 191
7.2.6 RSVP Extension for DiffServ QoS Signalling......Page 192
7.3.1 Introduction......Page 193
7.3.2 New Objects Definition......Page 195
7.3.4 RSVP-TE and Scalability......Page 203
7.4.1 Requirements and Application Scenarios......Page 204
7.4.2 NSIS Structure......Page 208
7.5.1 Introduction to BGP......Page 212
7.5.2 BGP Message Formats......Page 216
7.5.3 Additional Information Carried by Q-BGP......Page 220
7.6 Final Remarks Concerning Signalling......Page 221
8.1 Reference Architecture......Page 224
8.2 Control Modules......Page 227
8.3 Technology Independent Layers' Implementation......Page 228
8.4 Technology Dependent Layers' Implementation......Page 232
8.5 TI-SAP Implementation......Page 234
8.6 Vertical QoS Mapping Problems......Page 241
8.6.1 Change of Information Unit......Page 242
8.6.2 Heterogeneous Traffic Aggregation......Page 243
8.6.4 Joint Problems......Page 244
9.1 Introduction......Page 248
9.3.2 Stochastic Fluid Model and Optimization Problem......Page 249
9.3.3 Reference Chaser Bandwidth Controller (RCBC)......Page 253
9.3.4 Alternative Approach: Equivalent Bandwidth Heuristic......Page 257
9.4.1 Encapsulation......Page 258
9.4.2 Traffic Aggregation......Page 265
9.4.3 Fading Counteraction......Page 267
10.1 Role of QoS Gateway......Page 270
10.2 Protocol Optimization Through Layers (POTL)......Page 272
10.3 Protocol Stack Optimization Action......Page 273
11.2.1 Network Topology......Page 276
11.2.2 Simple Channel Model......Page 277
11.3 General Bandwidth Allocation Architecture......Page 279
11.3.1 Local Controller......Page 280
11.3.2 NCC Allocation......Page 281
11.4 Pareto Optimality of the Bandwidth Allocation......Page 282
11.5.1 Utopia Minimum Distance Method Algorithm......Page 283
11.5.3 Heuristic Allocation......Page 285
11.5.5 Nash Bargain Solution......Page 286
11.5.6 QoS-constrained Solutions......Page 287
11.6 Numerical Examples......Page 290
11.6.2 Performance Evaluation in Presence of QoS Constraints......Page 291
12.1 Introduction......Page 296
12.2 The TCP Protocol......Page 297
12.3 The TCP Congestion Control......Page 298
12.3.2 Congestion Avoidance......Page 299
12.3.3 Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery......Page 300
12.4 TCP over Satellite Networks......Page 304
12.5.1 The Real Test-bed......Page 305
12.5.3 Buffer Length and Initial Window (IW)......Page 306
12.6 Complete Knowledge TCP......Page 310
12.7 Further Improvement of the Performance......Page 313
References......Page 318
Index......Page 326
