Numerous books have been written which deal with transport problems in developed and developing countries, and with the planning and management of transport organisations in developed countries, but none deals specifically with the planning, regulation, management and control of public transport in developing countries. This book meets that need. It examines and explains the problems and characteristics of public transport systems in developing countries, and discusses the alternative modes, management methods, and forms of ownership, control, regulation and funding, with particular emphasis on what is appropriate at different stages of development and for different cultural backgrounds. It deals with urban, rural and long distance transport services, principally by road. This emphasis reflects the magnitude of the urban transport problem, and the predominance of road transport in most developing countries.The planning of bus services, particularly in urban areas, is covered in some detail, since this is often an area of considerable weakness. Similarly, the management of transport services and the maintenance of vehicles, including vehicle design and transport fleet planning, are also dealt with in depth. The book is aimed at all those who are involved in the provision of public transport in developing countries, including transport planners, managers of transport undertakings, aid agency and government officials responsible for the funding, provision or regulation of transport, transport consultants and advisers, and in particular students of transport or urban and rural affairs. Since there is much in common between transport operations in the developing world and in developed countries, this book should be of interest to transport operators and planners everywhere.The book is unique in that it provides a comprehensive overview of all the factors involved in planning, establishing, organizing and regulating public transport services in a developing country. It deals with the environment in which transport services are operated, in particular infrastructure requirements, road traffic management, regulatory and institutional frameworks and enforcement of regulations; it highlights the importance of an appropriate environment in order to facilitate the provision of public transport services, and shows how such an environment may be achieved. It deals in detail with all aspects of running a bus service in a developing country: the chapters on management are specific to a public transport operation and could be used as an "operator's manual", providing a valuable supplement to a more general management textbook.The book provides useful statistics and performance indicators which will be valuable as benchmarking tools. While acknowledging that the same solutions are not necessarily applicable everywhere, the book provides useful pointers to solutions to the main problems encountered in providing public transport services in developing countries.
Author(s): Richard Iles
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 492
front cover......Page 1
copyright......Page 5
table of contents......Page 6
SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK......Page 12
THE AUTHOR......Page 14
AN ILLUSTRATION......Page 16
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 18
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT......Page 20
ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODES......Page 29
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MARKET SECTORS......Page 39
SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 46
VEHICLE SIZE......Page 50
CONVENTIONAL BUSES......Page 55
PARATRANSIT VEHICLE TYPES......Page 60
CONVENTIONAL TAXIS......Page 62
RAIL VEHICLES......Page 63
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF POWER......Page 65
3 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE......Page 70
ROAD NETWORK AND CHARACTERISTICS......Page 71
FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRIANS......Page 75
BUS STOPS......Page 77
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT......Page 81
BUS PRIORITY MEASURES AND BUS LANES......Page 87
BUSWAYS......Page 93
TROLLEYBUS SYSTEMS......Page 97
LIGHT RAIL, METRO AND STREET TRAMWAY SYSTEMS......Page 98
MAINTENANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE......Page 99
4 PUBLIC TRANSPORT STATIONS AND TERMINALS......Page 102
LOCATION OF BUS STATIONS FOR URBAN SERVICES......Page 104
LOCATION OF BUS STATIONS FOR LONG-DISTANCE SERVICES......Page 107
SIZE AND LAYOUT OF BUS STATIONS......Page 110
LOCATION AND SIZE OF RAIL STATIONS......Page 114
FACILITIES AT STATIONS......Page 115
REGULATION, OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF STATIONS......Page 118
BUS DEPOTS......Page 122
BUS DEPOT SIZE AND LOCATION......Page 124
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS......Page 126
WORKSHOP REQUIREMENTS......Page 127
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 132
6 OWNERSHIP AND STRUCTURE OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT INDUSTRY......Page 134
SIZE OF OPERATING UNIT......Page 135
SIZE OF TRANSPORT UNDERTAKING......Page 137
FORMS OF OWNERSHIP......Page 141
OPERATORS' ASSOCIATIONS AND CO-OPERATIVES......Page 146
PRIVATISATION AND COMMERCIALISATION OF PUBLICLY OWNED UNDERTAKINGS......Page 150
DIVERSIFICATION OF BUSINESSES......Page 154
MARKET SEGMENTATION......Page 155
DEDICATED TRANSPORT FOR STUDENTS AND EMPLOYEES......Page 157
COMPETITION, COMPLEMENTARITY, AND INTEGRATION......Page 160
BOARD STRUCTURE......Page 166
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE......Page 168
STAFF CATEGORIES AND FUNCTIONS......Page 171
DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT STYLE......Page 176
PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTE NETWORKS......Page 178
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO ROUTING......Page 180
SCHEDULING PARAMETERS AND CONSIDERATIONS......Page 189
DEMAND PATTERNS......Page 197
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO SCHEDULING......Page 200
CREW SCHEDULING......Page 205
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM PLANNING......Page 208
DEPOT PROCEDURES......Page 214
OPERATING SYSTEMS AT STATIONS AND TERMINALS......Page 217
CONTROL OF SERVICES......Page 222
REVENUE CONTROL SYSTEMS......Page 224
THE VEHICLE RENTAL OR "SETORAN" SYSTEM......Page 233
INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODES......Page 236
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS......Page 238
DESIGN OPTIONS......Page 245
FLEET REPLACEMENT POLICY......Page 256
FLEET COMPOSITION AND DEPLOYMENT......Page 260
VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION......Page 263
MAINTENANCE STANDARDS......Page 266
ROUTINE SERVICING AND CLEANING......Page 267
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE......Page 269
RECTIFICATION OF DEFECTS AND ACCIDENT DAMAGE......Page 272
SPARE PARTS......Page 274
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT......Page 277
BUS MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 280
STAFFING LEVELS......Page 286
STAFF SELECTION, RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING......Page 291
DISCIPLINE AND INCENTIVES......Page 297
COST CATEGORIES......Page 302
BREAKDOWN OF COSTS......Page 316
ROUTE COSTING AND PROFITABILITY......Page 318
SOURCES OF REVENUE......Page 322
FARE LEVELS......Page 325
FARE STRUCTURES......Page 327
FARE DIFFERENTIALS AND PROTECTIVE FARES......Page 331
MULTIPLE-JOURNEY AND TRANSFER TICKETS......Page 333
CONCESSIONARY FARES......Page 335
FARES FOR INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODES......Page 337
SUBSIDY......Page 339
CROSS-SUBSIDY......Page 345
15 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND RECORD SYSTEMS......Page 348
BASE DATA......Page 349
RECORDS AND OPERATING STATISTICS......Page 352
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS......Page 356
MANAGEMENT REPORTS......Page 375
CASH FLOW......Page 380
BORROWING......Page 382
BUDGETING AND BUDGET CONTROL......Page 385
COST CENTRES......Page 387
RELIABILITY AND PUNCTUALITY......Page 390
SAFETY......Page 391
CONVENIENCE......Page 394
COMFORT......Page 396
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS......Page 397
RAISING STANDARDS......Page 398
18 MARKETING, PUBLICITY AND PASSENGER INFORMATION......Page 402
ROUTE INFORMATION......Page 404
ROUTE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS......Page 406
FLEET IDENTITY......Page 410
ENQUIRIES AND COMPLAINTS......Page 412
19 REGULATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES......Page 414
QUALITY REGULATION......Page 416
QUANTITY REGULATION......Page 421
REGULATION OF FARES......Page 425
DEREGULATION AND COMPETITION......Page 428
REGULATORY BODIES......Page 431
ADMINISTRATION......Page 435
ENFORCEMENT......Page 439
FRANCHISING......Page 447
BUS QUALITY PARTNERSHIPS......Page 452
20 IMPROVING PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES......Page 456
THE MAIN PROBLEMS: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES......Page 457
ADAPTING TO CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES......Page 463
FOREIGN AID AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE......Page 466
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT......Page 468
CONCLUSION......Page 471
GLOSSARY OF TERMS......Page 472
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 478
index......Page 480
