Public Speaking

Title Page
Copyright Page
Detication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1 Speaking with Confidence
What Is Public Speaking?
Why Study Public Speaking?
Empowerment
Employment
The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking
The Golden Age of Public Speaking
Nineteenth-and Twentieth-Century Age of Political Oratory
The Technological Age of Public Speaking
The Communication Process
Communication as Action
Communication as Interaction
Communication as Transaction
Improving your Confidence as a Speaker
Understand Your Nervousness
How to Build Your Confidence
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Begin with the End in Mind
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
2 Presenting Your First Speech
Consider Your Audience
Gather and Analyze Information about Your Audience
Consider the Culturally Diverse Backgrounds of Your Audience
The Audience-Centered Speechmaking Process
Select and Narrow Your Topic
Determine Your Purpose
Develop Your Central Idea
Generate the Main Ideas
Gather Supporting Material
Organize Your Speech
Sample Outline
Rehearse Your Speech
Deliver Your Speech
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Use Your Communication Apprehension to Enhance Your Performance
sample speech
study Guide: Review, apply, and assess
3 Speaking Freely and Ethically
Speaking Freely
Free Speech and the U.S. Constitution
Free Speech in the Twentieth Century
Free Speech in the Twenty-First Century
Speaking Ethically
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences
Be Honest
Don’t Plagiarize
Confidently connecting with your audience: Remember That You Will Look More Confident Than You May Feel
Sample Oral Citation
Speaking Credibly
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
4 Listening to Speeches
Overcoming Barriers to Effective Listening
Listener Fatigue
Personal Concerns
Outside Distractions
Prejudice
Differences between Speech Rate and Thought Rate
How to Become a Better Listener
Listen with Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears
Listen Mindfully
Listen Skillfully
Listen Ethically
Improving Critical Listening and thinking Skills
Separate Facts from Inferences
Evaluate the Quality of Evidence
Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches
Giving Feedback to Others
Giving Feedback to Yourself
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Look for Positive Listener Support
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
5 Analyzing Your Audience
Gathering Information about Your Audience
Gathering Information Informally
Gathering Information Formally
Analyzing Information about Your Audience
Identify Similarities
Identify Differences
Identify Common Ground
Adapting to Your Audience
Analyzing Your Audience before You speak
Demographic Audience Analysis
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Learn as Much as You Can about Your Audience
Psychological Audience Analysis
Developing Your Speech Step By Step: Consider Your Audience
Situational Audience Analysis
Adapting to Your Audience as You speak
Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues
Responding to Nonverbal Cues
Strategies for Customizing Your Message to Your Audience
Analyzing Your Audience after You speak
Nonverbal Responses
Verbal Responses
Survey Responses
Behavioral Responses
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
6 Developing Your Speech
Select and Narrow Your Topic
Guidelines for Selecting a Topic
Strategies for Selecting a Topic
Confidently Connecting With Your Audience: Selecting an Interesting Topic
Narrowing the Topic
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Select and Narrow Your Topic
Determine Your purpose
General Purpose
Specific Purpose
Developing Your Speech Step by Step:
Determine Your Purpose
Develop Your central idea
A Complete Declarative Sentence
Direct, Specific Language
A Single Idea
An Audience-Centered Idea
Generate and Preview Your main ideas
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Develop
Your Central Idea
Generating Your Main Ideas
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Generate
Your Main Ideas
Previewing Your Main Ideas
Meanwhile, Back at the computer . . .
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
7 Gathering and Using Supporting Material
Sources of Supporting Material
Personal Knowledge and Experience
The Internet
Online Databases
Traditional Library Holdings
Interviews
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience: Prepare Early
Research Strategies
Develop a Preliminary Bibliography
Locate Resources
Assess the Usefulness of Resources
Take Notes
Identify Possible Presentation Aids
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Gather
Supporting Material
Types of Supporting Material
Illustrations
Descriptions and Explanations
Definitions
Analogies
Statistics
Opinions
The Best Supporting Material
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
8 Organizing and Outlining Your Speech
Organizing Your Main Ideas
Confidently Connecting with
Your Audience: Organize
Your Message
Organizing Ideas Topically
Ordering Ideas Chronologically
Arranging Ideas Spatially
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect
Organizing Ideas by Problem-Solution
Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization
Organizing Your Supporting Material
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Organize
Your Speech
Primacy or Recency
Specificity
Complexity
From Soft to Hard Evidence
Organizing Your presentation for the ears of Others: Signposting
Previews
Transitions
Summaries
Outlining Your Speech
Developing Your Preparation Outline
Sample Preparation Outline
Developing Your Speaking Notes
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
9 Introducing and Concluding Your Speech
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Be Familiar with Your Introduction and
Conclusion
Purposes of Introductions
Get the Audience’s Attention
Give the Audience a Reason to Listen
Introduce the Subject
Establish Your Credibility
Preview Your Main Ideas
Effective Introductions
Illustrations or Anecdotes
Startling Facts or Statistics
Quotations
Humor
Questions
References to Historical Events
References to Recent Events
Personal References
References to the Occasion
References to Preceding Speeches
Purposes of Conclusions
Summarize the Speech
Provide Closure
Effective Conclusions
Methods Also Used for Introductions
References to the Introduction
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
10 Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style
Differentiating Oral and Written Language Styles
Using Words Effectively
Use Specific, Concrete Words
Use Simple Words
Use Words Correctly
Use Words Concisely
Adapting Your Language Style to Diverse
Listeners
Use Language That Your Audience Can Understand
Use Respectful Language
Use Unbiased Language
Crafting Memorable Word Structures
Creating Figurative Images
Creating Drama
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Use Words to Manage Your Anxiety
Creating Cadence
Analyzing an Example of Memorable Word Structure
Using Memorable Word Structures Effectively
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
11 Delivering Your Speech
The Power of Speech Delivery
Listeners Expect Effective Delivery
Listeners Make Emotional Connections with You through Delivery
Listeners Believe What They See
Methods of Delivery
Manuscript Speaking
Memorized Speaking
Impromptu Speaking
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Re-create the Speech Environment When
You Rehearse
Extemporaneous Speaking
Characteristics of Effective Delivery
Eye Contact
Gestures
Movement
Posture
Facial Expression
Vocal Delivery
Personal Appearance
Rehearsing Your Speech: Some final Tips
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Rehearse
Your Speech
Delivering Your Speech
Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Deliver
Your Speech
Responding to Questions
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
12 Using Presentation Aids
Types of Presentation Aids
Images
Text
Video
Audio
Objects and Models
People
Using Computer-Generated Presentation Aids
Basic Principles of Using Computer-Generated Presentation Aids
Tips for Using Computer-Generated Presentation Aids
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Practice with Your Presentation Aids to Boost
Your Confidence
Guidelines for developing Presentation Aids
Make Them Easy to See
Keep Them Simple
Select the Right Presentation Aid
Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Presentation Aids
Allow Plenty of Time to Prepare Your Presentation Aids
Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids
Make Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not with Your Presentation Aids
Explain Your Presentation Aids
Do Not Pass Objects among Members of Your Audience
Use Animals with Caution
Use Handouts Effectively
Time the Use of Visuals to Control Your Audience’s Attention
Study Guide: Review, Apply and Assess
13 Speaking to Inform
Informative Speech Topics
Speeches about Objects
Speeches about Procedures
Speeches about People
Speeches about Events
Speeches about Ideas
Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Speak with Clarity
Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning
Clarify Unfamiliar Ideas or Complex Processes
Strategies to Maintain Audience Interest
Motivate Your Audience to Listen to You
Tell a Story
Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners
Use the Unexpected
Sample Informative Speech
Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall
Build In Redundancy
Make Your Key Ideas Short and Simple
Pace Your Information Flow
Reinforce Key Ideas
Developing an Audience-Centered Informative
Speech
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
14 Understanding Principles of Persuasive Speaking
The Goals of Persuasion
Changing or Reinforcing Audience Attitudes
Changing or Reinforcing Audience Beliefs
Changing or Reinforcing Audience Values
Changing or Reinforcing Audience Behaviors
How Persuasion Works
Aristotle’s Traditional Approach: Using Ethos, Logos, and Pathos to Persuade
ELM’s Contemporary Approach: Using a Direct or Indirect Path to Persuade
How to Motivate Listeners
Use Cognitive Dissonance
Use Listeners’ Needs
Use Positive Motivation
Use Negative Motivation
How to Develop your AudienceCentered Persuasive Speech
Consider the Audience
Select and Narrow Your Persuasive Topic
Determine Your Persuasive Purpose
Develop Your Central Idea and Main Ideas
Gather Supporting Material
Organize Your Persuasive Speech
Rehearse and Deliver Your Speech
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Breathe to Relax
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
15 Using Persuasive Strategies
Enhancing Your Credibility
Understanding Credibility
Improving Your Credibility
Using Reasoning and Evidence
Understanding Types of Reasoning
Using Types of Evidence
Using Evidence Effectively
Avoiding Faulty Reasoning
Using Emotional appeals
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade
Using Emotional Appeals Ethically
Strategies for adapting ideas to People and People to ideas
Persuading the Receptive Audience
Persuading the Neutral Audience
Persuading the Unreceptive Audience
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Enhance Your Initial Credibility
Strategies for organizing Persuasive messages
Problem–Solution
Refutation
Sample Persuasive Speech
Cause and Effect
The Motivated Sequence
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
16 Speaking for Special Occasions and Purposes
Public Speaking in the Workplace
Group Presentations
Public-Relations Speeches
Mediated Workplace Presentations
Ceremonial Speaking
Introductions
Confidently Connecting with Your Audience:
Seek a Variety of Speaking Opportunities
Toasts
Award Presentations
Nominations
Acceptances
Keynote Addresses
Commencement Addresses
Commemorative Addresses
Eulogies
After-Dinner Speaking: Using Humor
Humorous Topics
Humorous Stories
Humorous Verbal Strategies
Humorous Nonverbal Strategies
Study Guide: Review, Apply, and Assess
A Speaking in Small Groups
Solving Problems in Groups and Teams
Participating in Small Groups
Come Prepared for Group Discussions
Do Not Suggest Solutions before Analyzing the Problem
Evaluate Evidence
Help Summarize the Group’s Progress
Listen and Respond Courteously to Others
Help Manage Conflict
leading Small Groups
Leadership Responsibilities
Leadership Styles
B Speeches for Analysis and Discussion
I Have a Dream: Martin Luther King
Inaugural Address: John F. Kennedy
Second Inaugural Address: Barack Obama
Remarks to the U.S. Congress: Pope Francis
The Need for Minority Bone Marrow
Donors: Julio Gonzalez
Endnotes
Glossary
Credits
Index