Public Health Administration: Principles for Population-Based Management

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 30
About the Editors......Page 32
Acknowledgment......Page 34
Contributors......Page 35
Chapter Overview......Page 44
Public Health and Population Health Definitions......Page 45
Public Health Functions......Page 48
Systems Perspective in Public Health......Page 50
Role of the Public Health Administrator and Manager......Page 51
Future Outlook......Page 53
Discussion Questions......Page 56
References......Page 57
Chapter Overview......Page 59
Early History of Public Health......Page 60
Hellenistic Health......Page 62
Latin Engineering and Administration......Page 63
The Middle Ages......Page 65
Industrialization and the Influence of Great Britain......Page 66
The Emergence and Impact of Bacteriology......Page 68
The American Colonies and the Early United States......Page 69
Public Health in the 19th Century......Page 70
Public Health in the 20th Century......Page 73
Public Health in the 21st Century......Page 77
References......Page 84
Additional Resources......Page 87
Introduction......Page 89
Chapter Overview......Page 90
The Relationship Between Public Health and Social Determinants of Health......Page 91
The Impact of Public Health on Population Health......Page 92
Public Health and Social Determinants of Population Health......Page 95
Public Health System Performance and Public Policy......Page 102
Public Health System Performance and Governance Structure......Page 108
Future Outlook......Page 112
References......Page 113
Chapter Overview......Page 117
Assessment......Page 118
Assurance......Page 119
Development of the 10 Essential Public Health Services......Page 121
Core Functions and Essential Public Health Services: Implementation......Page 126
The Future of the Public’s Health......Page 127
National Health Objectives......Page 128
Healthy People 2010 Objectives......Page 130
Healthy People 2020 Objectives......Page 133
Governmental and Nongovernmental Aspects of Public Health......Page 135
Community Perspective......Page 138
Medicine and Public Health......Page 140
Future Outlook......Page 141
References......Page 142
Additional Resources......Page 145
Chapter Overview......Page 148
Governmental Public Health Organizations......Page 149
Federal Agencies Contributing to Public Health......Page 150
Federal Policy and Administrative Instruments for Public Health......Page 151
Overview of Federal Agencies with Public Health Responsibilities......Page 158
Federal Oversight, Governance, and Advisory Organizations......Page 170
State Agencies Contributing to Public Health......Page 173
Local Governmental Agencies in Public Health......Page 180
Nongovernmental Public Health Organizations......Page 189
Ambulatory Care Providers......Page 190
Health Insurers and Managed Care Plans......Page 191
Nonprofit Agencies......Page 192
Universities......Page 193
Interorganizational Efforts in Public Health......Page 194
Future Outlook......Page 196
References......Page 197
Chapter Overview......Page 202
Ethics and the Foundations of Public Health......Page 204
Ethics in Public Health Practice......Page 206
Approaches to Ethics in Public Health......Page 209
A Framework for Ethical Analysis......Page 212
1. Analyze the Ethical Issues in the Situation......Page 213
2. Evaluate the Ethical Dimensions of the Various Public Health Options......Page 214
3. Provide Justification for a Particular Public Health Action......Page 215
Conclusion......Page 221
Future Outlook......Page 222
Discussion Questions......Page 223
References......Page 224
Chapter Overview......Page 227
A Theory and Definition of Public Health Law......Page 229
Government’s Essential Role in Public Health Law......Page 230
Relationships Between Government and the Public......Page 231
Demand Conformance with Health and Safety Standards......Page 232
Public Health in the Constitutional Design......Page 233
Federal Public Health Powers......Page 236
State Police Powers......Page 239
Local Public Health Powers......Page 240
New Federalism......Page 241
The Modern Public Health Agency......Page 242
Federal Public Health Agencies......Page 243
State Public Health Agencies......Page 244
Rule Making, Enforcement, and Quasi-Judicial Powers......Page 245
Public Health Law Reform......Page 248
Problem of Antiquity......Page 249
Problem of Inconsistency Among the States and Territories......Page 250
The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act......Page 251
Guidelines for Public Health Law Reform......Page 253
Discussion Questions......Page 256
References......Page 257
Chapter Overview......Page 259
Public Health and the Policy Process: Micro and Macro Dimensions......Page 261
Micro Policymaking: The Policy Marketplace Model......Page 262
Macro Policymaking: The Policy Systems Model......Page 263
The Impact of Government Structure on Policymaking......Page 266
Public Health Policy Issues......Page 269
Vaccines and Autism: Public Activism Against Science and Public Health......Page 270
Global Public Health and Infectious Disease: National Political Imperatives Against International Disease Prevention......Page 274
Future Outlook......Page 281
Improvement of Public Health Outcomes Research and Financial Management Methodologies and Tools......Page 282
Getting Quality into the Public Health System......Page 283
References......Page 285
Chapter Overview......Page 290
Sources of Public Health Funds......Page 291
Federal Funding Mechanisms......Page 292
Types of Federal Grants......Page 293
Federal Pass-Through Grants......Page 294
Federal Funding Amounts......Page 295
Funding at the State and Local Levels......Page 297
State-Level Funding......Page 298
Local-Level Funding......Page 299
Geographic Variations in Public Health Funding......Page 300
Spending at the Federal Level......Page 302
Spending at the State Level......Page 303
Spending at the Local Level......Page 305
Recommendations for Change......Page 306
Public Health Finance Competencies......Page 308
Financial Activities......Page 310
Grants Management......Page 311
Future Outlook......Page 314
Discussion Questions......Page 315
References......Page 316
Chapter Overview......Page 318
Competencies......Page 319
Educational Background......Page 321
Professional Certification......Page 322
Occupational Classifications and Employment Status......Page 323
Worksites......Page 324
Public Agencies......Page 326
Private Organizations and Businesses......Page 327
Occupational Description......Page 328
Biostatisticians......Page 329
Environmental Health Specialists......Page 330
Physicians......Page 331
Health Service Administrators......Page 332
Generalists and Specialists......Page 333
Historical Perspective......Page 334
Present and Future Perspectives......Page 335
How Many and What Kind of Workers Are There Now?......Page 336
Workforce Enumeration......Page 337
Future Trends in Workforce Demand and Supply......Page 338
Undergraduate Public Health Education......Page 339
Worksite-Based Training Programs......Page 340
Online Training Resources......Page 341
Credentialing......Page 342
Public Health Systems Research......Page 343
Discussion Questions......Page 344
References......Page 345
Chapter Overview......Page 348
Workforce Planning......Page 352
Job Analysis and Job Description......Page 353
Recruitment......Page 354
Diversity in the Workplace......Page 356
Selection of Applicants......Page 357
Reference Questions......Page 361
Socialization......Page 362
Motivation......Page 363
Training and Development......Page 367
Coaching and Performance Appraisal......Page 368
Transfer, Promotion, and Termination......Page 372
Future Outlook......Page 374
References......Page 375
Chapter Overview......Page 377
A Brief History of Leadership Development in Public Health, 1988–2014......Page 379
A Brief History of Leadership Theory: The “Born with It” Factor Debate......Page 381
The Leadership–Management Relationship......Page 384
Leadership as a Life Course......Page 387
The Future of Developing Public Health Leaders: Essential Skills and Competencies for Public Health Leadership......Page 389
Emotional Intelligence......Page 392
Cultural Competence and the Public Health Leader......Page 394
Measuring Leadership Growth and Development......Page 397
Mentoring: A Vital Aspect of Leadership Development......Page 403
Future Outlook......Page 404
Discussion Questions......Page 405
References......Page 406
Chapter Overview......Page 413
Contemporary Concepts and Applications......Page 415
Integration......Page 418
Utilization of Healthcare Delivery Systems......Page 419
Information Systems Architectures......Page 421
Service-Oriented Computing......Page 422
Computer Networking......Page 424
Cloud Computing......Page 425
Sources of Data for Information Systems......Page 427
Data Characteristics......Page 428
Common Data Problems......Page 430
Common Databases Available for Public Health......Page 432
Government Survey Data......Page 433
Administrative/Claims Data......Page 434
The CDC’s INPHO......Page 435
CDC WONDER......Page 436
State Public HISs......Page 437
Privacy and Security Issues......Page 438
Future Outlook......Page 440
Discussion Questions......Page 442
References......Page 443
Chapter Overview......Page 445
Limitations of Pre-GIS Analysis......Page 447
Definition......Page 448
Map Making and Data Analysis......Page 449
Public Health GIS Applications......Page 455
Epidemiology......Page 456
Community Health Assessment and Planning......Page 458
Data Availability and Quality......Page 462
Defining Community......Page 463
Confidentiality......Page 464
Misinterpretation of Results......Page 466
Future Outlook: GIS and the Role of Public Health Officials......Page 467
Diffusing the Technology, Serving as Resources, and Inserting the Science......Page 468
Facilitating Community Health Improvement......Page 472
References......Page 473
Chapter Overview......Page 478
Functions: What Purpose Does Surveillance Serve?......Page 479
Surveillance System Forms......Page 482
Establish System Objectives......Page 493
Select and Define Health Events to Be Monitored......Page 494
Establish Reporting Procedures......Page 498
Analyze and Interpret Surveillance Data......Page 503
Disseminate and Apply Surveillance Findings......Page 507
Maintain and Evaluate Operations......Page 509
Future Outlook......Page 512
References......Page 513
Chapter Overview......Page 519
Planning......Page 521
The Public Health Leader’s Role in Planning......Page 522
Vision......Page 524
Mission......Page 526
Strategies......Page 527
Objectives......Page 528
The Situational Assessment......Page 529
Assessing the External Environment......Page 530
Understanding the Internal Environment......Page 532
Commitment......Page 533
Accountability: Measurement and Feedback......Page 534
Future Outlook......Page 535
Discussion Questions......Page 536
References......Page 537
Chapter Overview......Page 539
The Elements of Performance Management......Page 541
Defining Performance Measurement......Page 542
Measuring Public Health Performance After 1988......Page 550
Lessons from 20th-Century Efforts......Page 556
Standards and Measurement Based on Essential Public Health Services......Page 558
Performance Measurement and Improvement After 2000......Page 564
Critical Issues for Success......Page 565
Accreditation of Public Health Agencies......Page 571
Future Outlook......Page 579
Discussion Questions......Page 580
References......Page 581
Chapter Overview......Page 586
Leadership Challenges in Engaging Communities and Constituents......Page 588
Who Is Public Health’s Constituency?......Page 592
Incentives for Constituency Participation......Page 593
Organizational Management for Effective Constituency Interaction......Page 594
Knowing the Community and Its Constituents......Page 596
Establishing Positions and Strategies to Guide Interaction with Constituents......Page 597
Building and Sustaining Networks......Page 600
Mobilizing Constituencies......Page 601
Assessing the Effectiveness of Constituencies to Act......Page 602
Intervention Guidance to Support Constituent Action......Page 603
Resources to Guide Community and Constituency Engagement......Page 604
Resources to Engage Constituents in Health Improvement Initiatives......Page 606
Future Outlook......Page 609
Community Benefit and Community Health Assessment......Page 610
Primary Care and Public Health Integration......Page 611
Health Reform......Page 612
References......Page 613
Chapter Overview......Page 618
Terminology: Health Programs, Projects, and Services......Page 619
The Planning and Evaluation Cycle: A Model......Page 620
Program Goals and Objectives......Page 622
Evaluate the Doing: Process/Implementation/Monitoring......Page 623
Evaluate the Effect: Outcome/Impact/Summative......Page 627
Program Accountability......Page 629
Professional Accountability......Page 630
Distinctions......Page 631
Evaluation Complements Quality Assurance and Quality Improvement Activities......Page 632
Evaluation and Performance Measurement......Page 636
Evaluation and Research......Page 637
Future Outlook......Page 638
Discussion Questions......Page 639
References......Page 640
Defining Public Health Systems Research......Page 642
Current Public Health Systems Research......Page 646
Social Determinants of Population Health......Page 649
Public Health and Population Health Determinants......Page 650
Public Policy and Public Health......Page 651
Public Health Performance and Governance Structure......Page 652
Course of Action to Implement Public Health Systems Research......Page 653
2. Develop Indicators to Measure Public Health Performance at the National, State, and Local Levels......Page 654
3. Conduct International Studies That Draw Lessons from Other Industrialized Countries......Page 655
4. Advocate State Innovations to Improve Public Health Performance......Page 656
5. Advance Community-Based Projects That Integrate Research and Practice......Page 657
6. Search for Innovative Ways of Funding Public Health Systems Research......Page 659
8. Educate the Public and Enhance Dissemination......Page 660
9. Engage the Policy Community......Page 662
Future Outlook......Page 663
References......Page 664
Chapter Overview......Page 667
The Importance of Knowing Your Audience......Page 669
Social Marketing......Page 670
Key Marketing Concepts......Page 671
The Four Ps: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion......Page 672
Two Other “P”s to Consider: Partners and Policy......Page 673
Behavior Change......Page 675
Competition......Page 676
Selecting and Understanding Target Audiences......Page 677
Formative Research......Page 680
Common Formative Research Methods......Page 681
Strategic Plan Development, Testing, Implementation, and Evaluation......Page 683
Selecting Appropriate Tactics......Page 684
Pretesting......Page 685
Assessment......Page 686
Issues in Evaluating Outcomes......Page 687
Community-Based Prevention Marketing......Page 690
CBPM Steps......Page 691
The Principles of Effective Communication in Public Health......Page 697
Future Outlook......Page 698
References......Page 700
Chapter Overview......Page 705
Focus on Health Behavior......Page 707
Voluntary Behavior......Page 709
Limits of Health Education......Page 710
Lifestyle......Page 711
Planning for Public Health Education and Health Promotion Programs......Page 712
Implementing Public Health Education and Health Promotion Programs......Page 721
Using Methods and Media......Page 724
Managing Human Resources for Health Education and Health Promotion......Page 725
Scheduling Implementation......Page 727
Evaluating Public Health Education and Health Promotion Programs......Page 728
Beyond Internal Validity in Evaluations......Page 730
Health Promotion......Page 733
Health Promotion Includes Health Education......Page 734
Future Outlook......Page 738
Discussion Questions......Page 739
References......Page 740
Chapter Overview......Page 744
Introduction......Page 745
Historical Background and Core Concepts......Page 747
Defining Evidence......Page 748
Audiences for EBPH......Page 752
Similarities and Differences Between EBPH and Evidence-Based Medicine......Page 753
Key Characteristics of Evidence-Based Decision Making......Page 755
Using Information Systems......Page 756
Using Input from Stakeholders......Page 757
Public Health Surveillance......Page 758
Economic Evaluation......Page 759
Participatory Approaches......Page 760
An Approach to Increasing the Use of Evidence in Public Health Practice......Page 761
Future Outlook......Page 763
Overcoming Barriers to Dissemination and Implementation......Page 765
Enhancing Accountability for Public Expenditures......Page 766
Summary......Page 767
Acknowledgment......Page 768
References......Page 769
Chapter Overview......Page 778
Starting with Entrepreneurship......Page 780
Expanding Entrepreneurship with “Social”......Page 781
Skills of the Social Entrepreneur Leader......Page 783
Defining Social Entrepreneurship in Public Health......Page 784
The Institute for OneWorld Health......Page 787
Acumen Fund......Page 790
Susan G. Komen for the Cure......Page 792
Ethos Water......Page 795
Hayes E. Willis Health Center of South Richmond......Page 797
Summary and Conclusions......Page 798
Future Outlook......Page 799
Discussion Questions......Page 800
Social Entrepreneurship Programs......Page 801
Social Entrepreneurship and Public Health......Page 802
Additional Resources......Page 803
References......Page 804
Chapter Overview......Page 808
Definitions......Page 810
Public Health Problems......Page 812
Natural Disasters......Page 813
Manmade Disasters......Page 814
History of Public Health’s Role......Page 815
Public Health’s Current Role......Page 817
Functional Model of Public Health’s Response in Disasters......Page 820
Structure and Operations of the EMS System......Page 822
Organization of Public Health Emergency Response......Page 824
Federal Response......Page 826
Emergency Information Systems......Page 833
Surveillance......Page 834
Data Collection......Page 836
Measurements of Disasters......Page 837
Applied Epidemiology......Page 838
Behavioral Health Considerations in Disasters: Psychosocial Impacts and Public Health......Page 839
Behavioral Health Effects of Disaster......Page 840
Social Impacts of Disaster......Page 843
Resilience and Social Support......Page 844
Services Provided After a Disaster......Page 845
General Principles......Page 847
Sanitation......Page 848
Water Quality......Page 849
Specific Outbreak Control Strategies for Epidemic Diarrheal Diseases......Page 851
Heating and Shelter......Page 852
Vector Control......Page 853
Environmental Surveillance......Page 854
Bioterrorism, Pandemic Influenza, and Emerging Infectious Diseases......Page 855
Bioterrorism Agents......Page 856
The Role of Health Departments and Preparedness......Page 859
The Public Health Laboratory Network......Page 861
Pandemic Influenza......Page 863
Why Influenza Pandemics Occur......Page 865
Why Control by Vaccination Is Problematic......Page 866
Public Health Planning and Preparedness for Pandemic Flu......Page 868
Federal Preparedness Activities......Page 869
Discussion Questions......Page 870
References......Page 871
Chapter Overview......Page 878
History of Quality in Health......Page 880
Quality Chasms......Page 884
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act......Page 887
Fundamental Definitions, Frameworks, and Characteristics of Quality......Page 889
Describing Public Health Quality......Page 893
Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) in Health Care and Public Health......Page 896
Measuring Quality......Page 898
Priority Areas for Improvement......Page 902
Future Outlook......Page 905
Discussion Questions......Page 907
References......Page 908
Chapter Overview......Page 912
Defining Global Health......Page 913
Why Is Global Health Important?......Page 914
Humanitarian......Page 916
Equity......Page 917
Attainability......Page 918
Global Health Organizations......Page 919
Wellness, Prevention, and Health Promotion......Page 922
Rise in Chronic Diseases and Aging Populations......Page 923
Infectious Diseases and Challenges of Globalization......Page 924
Bioterrorism and the Transformation of Public Health......Page 925
Health Professions Workforce......Page 926
Focus on Quality......Page 927
New Frontiers in Biomedical Technology......Page 928
Health Systems......Page 931
Global Economic Activity and Trade......Page 933
Evidence-Based Health Care......Page 934
Future Outlook and Opportunities......Page 935
Discussion Questions......Page 936
References......Page 941
Glossary......Page 945
Index......Page 968