Public Baths and Bathing Habits in Late Antiquity: A Study of the Evidence from Italy, North Africa and Palestine A.D. 285-700

Foreword
Illustrations
Abbreviations
Key to the General Plans
Introduction
Why Baths Again?
General Aims and Outline of the Research
Geographical Framework
Chronological Framework
Methodology and Sources
Baths and Bathing Approached from Different Angles
Evidence of Baths and Bathing
The Structure of the Book
Notes on Terminology
Geographical Terminology and Place Names
Chronological Terminology
Cultural and Religious Terminology
Personal Names
Bath-Related Terminology
Notes on Abbreviations
Chapter 1 General Introduction to Roman Baths and Earlier Research on Late Antique Baths
General Introduction to Roman Baths andBathing Habits
Pre-Roman Origins of Public Bathing
Italic Bathing Habits
Early Roman Bathhouse
Imperial Period Bathhouse
The Bathing Itinerary
Modern Typologies of the Plans
Technology of the Baths
Hypocaust
Wall Heating
The Functioning of the Heating System
Water Management of Baths
Water Supply
Waste Water Disposal
Decoration
Popularity of Bathhouses
Earlier Research on Late Antique Baths
Late Antique Baths in General Works on Roman Bathsand Bathing
Late Antique Baths in Regional Studies
Specific Studies on Late Antique Baths
Chapter 2 Written Evidence of Baths
Late Antique Literature
Methodology and Approach
4th c. Latin Authors
4th c. Greek Authors
5th c. Latin Authors
5th c. Greek Authors
5th c. Syriac Literature
6th c. Latin Authors
6th c. Greek Authors
6th c. Syriac Authors
7th c. Authors
Summarizing the Literary Attestations of Baths and Bathing Habits
Hammams in Early Medieval Arabic Literature
Legal Documents
Codex Theodosianus
Corpus Iuris Civilis
Ecumenical Councils and Synods
Summarizing the Legal Documents
Epigraphic Evidence
Methodological Problems and Approaches
Inscriptions of the Italian Peninsula
Inscriptions of North Africa
Inscriptions of Cyrenaica
Inscriptions of Palestina
Summarizing the Epigraphic Evidence
Papyrological Evidence
Introduction
Papyri
Summarizing the Papyrological Evidence
Chapter 3 Archaeological Evidence
Introduction
Rome
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Existing Baths
Private Baths
Baths on the Forma Urbis Roma
The Evidence for Baths in the Written Sources
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Ostia
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Existing Baths
Private Baths
Baths on the Isola Sacra
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Cuicul
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Existing Baths
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Thamugadi
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Existing Baths
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Carthage
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use or Abandonment of Existing Baths
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Sufetula
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Existing Baths
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Ptolemais
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Existing Baths
Private Baths
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Scythopolis
Concise History of the Urban Fabric
Newly Built Late Antique Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Existing Baths
Baths in the Late Antique Urban Context
Archaeological Evidence of Early Hammams
North Africa and Cyrenaica
Egypt
Palestina
The Larger Middle Eastern Context
Summarizing the Archaeological Evidence of EarlyHammams
Chapter 4 Continuity and Change in Late Antique Public Baths and Bathing Habits
Architecture
Plans of the Baths
Size of the Baths
Rooms of the Baths
Construction Techniques and Building Materials
Decoration
Bath Technology
Hypocaust
Wall Heating
Furnaces
Water Supply
Waste Water Disposal
Public Baths and Their Contexts
Urban Contexts
Non-Urban Contexts
Secondary Use of Baths
Privatisation of the Bathing Habit?
The Church and the Baths
Decay or Continuity of Baths and Bathing Habits
Continuity in the 4th c.
Strong Regional Trends in the 5th c.
Difficulties in the 6th c.
Towards Medieval and Islamic Baths in the 7th c.
A Habit in Decline?
Epilogue—The Transition to the Hammams
General Concluding Remarks and Prospects for Future Research
Appendix 1 Late Antique Inscriptions Mentioning Baths
Inscriptions from the Italian Peninsula
Inscriptions from North Africa
Inscriptions from Palestina
Appendix 2 Late Antique Papyri Mentioning Baths
appendix 3Lists of Late Antique Baths, Possible Baths and Continued Use of Baths
Gazetteer
Introduction
Baths in the Italian Peninsula, Sicily and Sardinia
New Construction
Possible Late Antique Baths
Villa Baths with a Possible Public Use
Continued Use and Abandonment of Imperial PeriodBaths during Late Antiquity
Baths in Roman North Africa
New Construction
Possible Late Antique Baths
Villa Baths with a Possible Public Use
Other Private Baths with Possible Public Access
Ecclesiastical Baths
Fortress Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Imperial Period Baths during Late Antiquity
Baths in Cyrenaica
New Construction
Possible Late Antique Baths
Fortress Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Imperial Period Baths during Late Antiquity
Baths in Egypt
New Construction
Possible Late Antique Baths
Other Private Baths with a Possible Public Use
Ecclesiastical Baths
Fortress Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Imperial Period Baths during Late Antiquity
Baths in Palestina
New Construction
Possible Late Antique Baths
Private Baths
Ecclesiastical Baths
Fortress Baths
Continued Use and Abandonment of Imperial Period Baths during Late Antiquity
Glossary
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Modern Sources
Indices
Ancient Sources
Themes
People
Places