This book is concerned with protein metabolism at the physiological, not the molecular level and particularly with studies on human beings. Protein turnover is a vital function, no less important than oxygen turnover, because of this over the last 20 years there has been an increase in the research on protein turnover in man, with parallel work on farm animals. Methods that have been used for measuring whole body protein turnover in man, the underlying problems and assumptions and the problems that have been encountered are discussed in this comprehensive book.
Author(s): J C Waterlow
Series: Cabi Publishing
Edition: First
Publisher: CABI Pub
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 313
City: Wallingford, UK; Cambridge, MA
Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 11
1.1 Definitions......Page 13
1.2 Notation......Page 14
1.4 The Kinetics of Protein Turnover......Page 15
1.5 References......Page 17
2.1 Models......Page 19
2.2 Compartmental Analysis......Page 20
2.3 Stochastic Analysis......Page 26
2.4 References......Page 29
3.1 Amino Acid Pools......Page 32
3.2 Nutritional Effects on the Free Amino Acid Pools......Page 36
3.3 Kinetics of Free Amino Acids......Page 37
3.4 Amino Acid Transport Across Cell Membranes......Page 39
3.5 Conclusion......Page 41
3.6 References......Page 42
4.1 Leucine......Page 45
4.2 Glycine......Page 47
4.3 Alanine......Page 50
4.4 Glutamine......Page 52
4.5 Glutamic acid......Page 55
4.6 Phenylalanine......Page 56
4.7 Arginine......Page 57
4.8 Methionine......Page 58
4.9 References......Page 59
5.1 Transfer-RNA as the Precursor for Synthesis......Page 66
5.2 A ’Reciprocal’ Metabolite as Precursor......Page 67
5.3 A Rapidly Synthesized Protein as Precursor......Page 71
5.4 Conclusion......Page 72
5.5 References......Page 73
6.1 Background......Page 76
6.3 Variability of Whole Body Synthesis Rates in Healthy Adults by the Precursor Method......Page 77
6.4 Sites of Administration and of Sampling......Page 78
6.5 Priming......Page 80
6.6 The First-pass Effect......Page 81
6.7 Recycling......Page 83
6.8 Regional Turnover......Page 85
6.9 Measurement of Protein Turnover with Amino Acids other than Leucine......Page 88
6.10 Conclusion......Page 91
6.11 References......Page 92
7.1 History......Page 99
7.2 Theory......Page 100
7.3 Alternative End-products (EP)......Page 101
7.4 Measurement of Flux with a Single End-product......Page 102
7.5 Behaviour of Different Amino Acids in the End-product Method: Choice of Glycine......Page 104
7.7 Summary of Measurements of Protein Synthesis in Normal Adults by the End-product Method......Page 106
7.8 Variability......Page 107
7.9 Comparison of Synthesis Rates Measured by the End-product and Precursor Methods......Page 108
7.10 Comparison of Oxidation Rates by the Two Methods......Page 109
7.11 The Flux Ratio......Page 110
7.13 Conclusion......Page 112
7.14 References......Page 114
8.1 Amino Acid Oxidation......Page 118
8.2 Metabolism of Urea......Page 121
8.3 References......Page 128
9.1 The Immediate Effects of Food......Page 132
9.2 The Effects of Hormones on Protein Turnover in the Whole Body, Limb or Splanchnic Region......Page 142
9.3 References......Page 147
10.1 Adaptation......Page 154
10.2 Requirements for Protein and Amino Acids......Page 161
10.3 References......Page 168
11.1 Body Size – the Contribution of Allometry......Page 172
11.2 Growth and its Cost......Page 177
11.3 The Effect of Muscular Activity and Immobility on Protein Turnover......Page 183
11.5 References......Page 188
12.1 Premature Infants......Page 194
12.3 Infants 6 months–2 years......Page 196
12.5 Pregnancy......Page 198
12.6 Lactation......Page 202
12.7 The Elderly......Page 203
12.8 References......Page 206
13.1 Malnutrition......Page 212
13.2 Trauma......Page 215
13.3 References......Page 219
14.1 Methods of Breakdown......Page 222
14.2 Measurements of Synthesis......Page 226
14.3 RNA Content and Activity......Page 229
14.4 References......Page 231
15.1 Synthesis in the Normal State......Page 235
15.2 The effects of Food on Protein Turnover in Tissues......Page 239
15.3 The Effects of Hormones on Protein Turnover in Tissues......Page 246
15.4 References......Page 253
16.1 Albumin......Page 262
16.2 Other Nutrient Transport Proteins......Page 270
16.3 The Acute-phase Proteins......Page 271
16.4 The Immunoglobulins......Page 275
16.5 References......Page 276
17.1 Collagen Turnover......Page 282
17.2 Markers of Synthesis and Breakdown......Page 284
17.3 References......Page 285
18.1 Synthesis......Page 287
18.2 Breakdown......Page 288
18.3 Coordination......Page 293
18.4 References......Page 295
A......Page 299
B......Page 300
C......Page 301
E......Page 302
F......Page 303
H......Page 304
K......Page 305
L......Page 306
M......Page 307
O......Page 308
P......Page 309
R......Page 310
S......Page 311
T......Page 312
Z......Page 313
